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Mar 2013

Volume 84, Issue 3, Articles (03xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 033701 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4774387 (7 pages)

E. Nazaretski, Jungdae Kim, H. Yan, K. Lauer, D. Eom, D. Shu, J. Maser, Z. Pešić, U. Wagner, C. Rau, and Y. S. Chu

Computer aided design (CAD) model of the multilayer Laue lenses (MLL) based scanning fluorescence microscope. The inset shows schematic of the MLL setup used to perform scanning fluorescence experiments. The background represents thermal image of the horizontal MLL assembly.

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Note: An environmental cell for transient spectroscopy on solid samples in controlled atmospheres

Jason R. Dwyer, Łukasz Szyc, Erik T. J. Nibbering, and Thomas Elsaesser

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036101 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794092 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 5 March 2013

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A sample cell for performing time-resolved spectroscopy on solid samples within an atmosphere of controlled vapor composition was designed and constructed. Control over vapor composition was accomplished using a combination of passive sealing and chemical agents. Performance characteristics especially well-suited to studies using femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy were achieved by the use of ultrathin silicon nitride windows and a rapid and reproducible sample cell exchange mechanism.
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07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Note: Size effects on the tensile response of top-down fabricated Si nanobeams

S. Houri, U. Bhaskar, T. Pardoen, and J.-P. Raskin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036102 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794438 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 March 2013

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The tensile response of top-down fabricated sc-Si nanobeams is inferred from the fitting of stress-strain data obtained under tensile loading conditions over a large range of deformation. The testing is performed using MEMS structures consisting of two connected beams; a highly stressed silicon-nitride (SiN) beam connected to a sc-Si specimen beam. The high tensile stress component present upon the deposition of the SiN loads the sc-Si beam once the entire structure is released. The strain and stress values are extracted independently, respectively, by scanning electron microscopy inspection and vibration frequency measurement of the released tensile MEMS structures. The tensile tests are undertaken for six thicknesses to determine the dependence of the elastic response on dimensions. The Young's modulus shows a variation of 40% for thicknesses ranging from 200 to 30 nm.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
62.20.de Elastic moduli
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity

Note: Near-field imaging of thermal radiation at low temperatures by passive millimeter-wave microscopy

T. Nozokido, M. Ishino, H. Kudo, and J. Bae

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036103 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794911 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 March 2013

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Imaging of thermal radiation with a spatial resolution below the diffraction limit is demonstrated with a passive millimeter-wave microscope. This technique utilizes a sensitive radiometric receiver in combination with a scanning near-field microscope. Experiments were performed at 50 GHz (λ = 6 mm) with sample temperatures ranging from room temperature down to 160 K, and the performance was shown to be superior to that achieved with passive imaging systems in the infrared region. The images are affected by non-uniformities in the transmission of thermal radiation from the sample to the receiver via the near-field probe and the reflection of thermal radiation back to the receiver from the probe. The effects of these non-uniformities were successfully removed using a sample image acquired by active measurements using a vector network analyzer.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors

Note: Broadband cavity ring-down spectroscopy of an intra-cavity bulk sample

T. Zeuner, W. Paa, C. Mühlig, and H. Stafast

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036104 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4795157 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 March 2013

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A cavity ring-down (CRD) setup equipped with a pulsed broadband light source (480 nm ⩽ λ⩽ 650 nm) and a multichannel detection system (temporal gate width Δτ = 20 ns) is used to simultaneously record the optical loss spectrum of an intra-cavity CaF2 sample and its changes upon transverse ArF laser irradiation at 193 nm. The CRD setup with mirrors of high reflectivity (R > 99.93%) allows to register loss changes of 5 × 10−5 with a spectral resolution of 0.3 nm in less than 2 min.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation

Note: Simple calibration of the counting-rate dependence of the timing shift of single photon avalanche diodes by photon interval analysis

Takuhiro Otosu, Kunihiko Ishii, and Tahei Tahara

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036105 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794769 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 March 2013

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The counting-rate dependence of the temporal response of single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) is a critical issue for the accurate determination of the fluorescence lifetime. In this study, the response of SPADs was examined with analyzing the time interval of the detected photons. The results clearly show that the shift of the detection timing causes the counting-rate dependence of the temporal response, and this timing shift is solely determined by the time interval from the preceding photon. We demonstrate that this timing instability is readily calibrated by utilizing the macrotime data taken with the time-tag mode that is implemented in the time-correlated single photon counting modules.
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85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
06.20.fb Standards and calibration

Note: Alignment/focus dependent core-line sensitivity for quantitative chemical analysis in hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using a hemispherical electron analyzer

Conan Weiland, Raymond Browning, Barry A. Karlin, Daniel A. Fischer, and Joseph C. Woicik

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036106 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4795406 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 March 2013

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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an established technique for quantitative chemical analysis requiring accurate peak intensity analysis. We present evidence of focus/alignment dependence of relative peak intensities for peaks over a broad kinetic energy range with a hemispherical electron analyzer operated in a position imaging mode. A decrease of over 50% in the Ag 2p3/2 to Ag 3d ratio is observed in a Ag specimen. No focus/alignment dependence is observed when using an angular imaging mode, necessitating the use of angular mode for quantitative chemical analysis.
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07.85.Nc X-ray and γ-ray spectrometers

Note: A real-time beam current density meter

Junliang Liu, Deyang Yu, Fangfang Ruan, Yingli Xue, and Wei Wang

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036107 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4795400 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2013

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We have developed a real-time beam current density meter for charged particle beams. It measures the mean current density by collimating a uniform and large diameter primary beam. The suppression of the secondary electrons and the deflection of the beam were simulated, and it was tested with a 105 keV Ar7+ ion beam.
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07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
06.30.Dr Mass and density

Note: Dynamic analysis of a robotic fish motion with a caudal fin with vertical phase differences

Dongwon Yun, Kyung-Soo Kim, Soohyun Kim, Jinho Kyung, and Sunghwi Lee

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036108 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4795550 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2013

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In this paper, a robotic fish with a caudal fin with vertical phase differences is studied, especially focusing on the energy consumption. Energies for thrusting a conventional robotic fish and one with caudal fin with vertical phase differences are obtained and compared each other. It is shown that a robotic fish with a caudal fin with vertical phase differences can save more energy, which implies the efficient thrusting via a vertically waving caudal fin.
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45.40.Ln Robotics
89.40.Cc Water transportation
07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots
FREE

Note: Rapid offset reduction of impedance bridges taking into account instrumental damping and phase shifting

C. M. van der Wel, R. J. Kortschot, I. A. Bakelaar, B. H. Erné, and B. W. M. Kuipers

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036109 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4795554 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2013

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The sensitivity of an imperfectly balanced impedance bridge is limited by the remaining offset voltage. Here, we present a procedure for offset reduction in impedance measurements using a lock-in amplifier, by applying a complex compensating voltage external to the bridge. This procedure takes into account instrumental damping and phase shifting, which generally occur at the high end of the operational frequency range. Measurements demonstrate that the output of the circuit rapidly converges to the instrumentally limited noise at any frequency.
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07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
84.30.Le Amplifiers
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors

Note: Detecting flow velocity with high purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes

Seungho Lee, Wonsuk Jung, Ju Yeon Woo, Soohyun Kim, and Chang-Soo Han

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036110 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4797620 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 March 2013

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We report the measurement of fluid velocity on a semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes film in a microfluidic channel. To investigate the mechanism related to electrical signal change, we performed various experiments along with changing the flow velocity, the ion concentration and liquid viscosity, etc. Our result suggests that the sensing of flow velocity is a closely related to a pulsating asymmetrical thermal ratchet model. The electric signal change was strongly dependent on the electrode alignment, and the channel width of the sample. As the result, we achieved highly sensitive detection of the fluid, roughly 4 times greater than previous results.
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47.80.Cb Velocity measurements
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
47.60.Dx Flows in ducts and channels
47.85.Np Fluidics
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices

Note: A simple thermal gradient annealing unit for the treatment of thin films

C. J. Metting, J. K. Bunn, J. Fadimba, E. Underwood, Y. Zhu, G. Koley, T. Crawford, and J. Hattrick-Simpers

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 036111 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4795831 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 March 2013

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A gradient annealing cell has been developed for the high-throughput study of thermal annealing effects on thin-film libraries in different environments. The inexpensive gradient annealing unit permits temperature gradients as large as 28 °C/mm and can accommodate samples ranging in length from 13 mm to 51 mm. The system was validated by investigating the effects of annealing temperature on the crystallinity, resistivity, and transparency of tin-doped indium oxide deposited on a glass substrate by magnetron sputtering. The unit developed in this work will permit the rapid optimization of materials properties such as crystallinity, homogeneity, and conductivity across a variety of applications.
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81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties related to treatment conditions
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions
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