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Feb 2013

Volume 84, Issue 2, Articles (02xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 021101 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789314 (14 pages)

Alexey Goncharov

Typical permanent magnet electrostatic plasma lens, characteristically about 15 cm long and 10 cm inner diameter. The magnets are shown in black between grey spacers. A set of cylindrical ring electrodes are located within the magnetic field region, with field lines connecting ring electrode pairs symmetrically about the lens midplane.

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back to top Optics; Atoms and Molecules; Spectroscopy; Photon Detectors

Sensitivity calibration of an imaging extreme ultraviolet spectrometer-detector system for determining the efficiency of broadband extreme ultraviolet sources

S. Fuchs, C. Rödel, M. Krebs, S. Hädrich, J. Bierbach, A. E. Paz, S. Kuschel, M. Wünsche, V. Hilbert, U. Zastrau, E. Förster, J. Limpert, and G. G. Paulus

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023101 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4788732 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 4 February 2013

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We report on the absolute sensitivity calibration of an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectrometer system that is frequently employed to study emission from short-pulse laser experiments. The XUV spectrometer, consisting of a toroidal mirror and a transmission grating, was characterized at a synchrotron source in respect of the ratio of the detected to the incident photon flux at photon energies ranging from 15.5 eV to 99 eV. The absolute calibration allows the determination of the XUV photon number emitted by laser-based XUV sources, e.g., high-harmonic generation from plasma surfaces or in gaseous media. We have demonstrated high-harmonic generation in gases and plasma surfaces providing 2.3 μW and μJ per harmonic using the respective generation mechanisms.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
42.72.-g Optical sources and standards
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.79.Dj Gratings
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
06.20.fb Standards and calibration

A new high intensity and short-pulse molecular beam valve

B. Yan, P. F. H. Claus, B. G. M. van Oorschot, L. Gerritsen, A. T. J. B. Eppink, S. Y. T. van de Meerakker, and D. H. Parker

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023102 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790176 (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2013

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In this paper, we report on the design and performance of a new home-built pulsed gas valve, which we refer to as the Nijmegen Pulsed Valve (NPV). The main output characteristics include a short pulse width (as short as 20 μs) combined with operating rates up to 30 Hz. The operation principle of the NPV is based on the Lorentz force created by a pulsed current passing through an aluminum strip located within a magnetic field, which opens the nozzle periodically. The amplitude of displacement of the opening mechanism is sufficient to allow the use of nozzles with up to 1.0 mm diameter. To investigate the performance of the valve, several characterizations were performed with different experimental methods. First, a fast ionization gauge was used to measure the beam intensity of the free jet emanating from the NPV. We compare free jets from the NPV with those from several other pulsed valves in current use in our laboratory. Results showed that a high intensity and short pulse-length beam could be generated by the new valve. Second, the NPV was tested in combination with a skimmer, where resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization combined with velocity map imaging was used to show that the NPV was able to produce a pulsed molecular beam with short pulse duration (∼20 μs using 0.1% NO/He at 6 bars) and low rotational temperature (∼1 K using 0.5% NO/Ar at 6 bars). Third, a novel two-point pump-probe method was employed which we label double delay scan. This method allows a full kinematic characterization of the molecular beam, including accurate speed ratios at different temporal positions. It was found that the speed ratio was maximum (S = 50 using 0.1% NO/He at 3 bars) at the peak position of the molecular beam and decreased when it was on the leading or falling edge.
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89.20.Kk Engineering
89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research and development
FREE

A quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer devoted to the in situ measurement of atmospheric N2O and CH4 emission fluxes

I. Mappé, L. Joly, G. Durry, X. Thomas, T. Decarpenterie, J. Cousin, N. Dumelie, E. Roth, A. Chakir, and P. G. Grillon

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023103 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790376 (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 February 2013

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This paper describes a Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectrometer, called “QCLAS” that was developed to monitor in situ greenhouse gases like N2O and CH4, at high temporal resolution and with a high accuracy. The design of the laser sensor is reported as well as its performances in terms of precision error and field deployment capabilities. Finally, to demonstrate the efficiency and the robustness of QCLAS and its suitability for gas emission monitoring and for the determination of fluxes, we report the results from a field campaign, that took place in the Wallis and Futuna Islands in 2011, to investigate the impact of environmental intensive pig farming.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy

A polychromator-type near-infrared spectrometer with a high-sensitivity and high-resolution photodiode array detector for pharmaceutical process monitoring on the millisecond time scale

Kodai Murayama, Takuma Genkawa, Daitaro Ishikawa, Makoto Komiyama, and Yukihiro Ozaki

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023104 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790413 (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2013

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In the fine chemicals industry, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, advanced sensing technologies have recently begun being incorporated into the process line in order to improve safety and quality in accordance with process analytical technology. For estimating the quality of powders without preparation during drug formulation, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been considered the most promising sensing approach. In this study, we have developed a compact polychromator-type NIR spectrometer equipped with a photodiode (PD) array detector. This detector is consisting of 640 InGaAs-PD elements with 20-μm pitch. Some high-specification spectrometers, which use InGaAs-PD with 512 elements, have a wavelength resolution of about 1.56 nm when covering 900–1700 nm range. On the other hand, the newly developed detector, having the PD with one of the world's highest density, enables wavelength resolution of below 1.25 nm. Moreover, thanks to the combination with a highly integrated charge amplifier array circuit, measurement speed of the detector is higher by two orders than that of existing PD array detectors. The developed spectrometer is small (120 mm × 220 mm × 200 mm) and light (6 kg), and it contains various key devices including the high-density and high-sensitivity PD array detector, NIR technology, and spectroscopy technology for a spectroscopic analyzer that has the required detection mechanism and high sensitivity for powder measurement, as well as a high-speed measuring function for blenders. Moreover, we have evaluated the characteristics of the developed NIR spectrometer, and the measurement of powder samples confirmed that it has high functionality.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
82.80.Bg Chromatography
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors

Cascaded two-photon spectroscopy of Yb atoms with a transportable effusive atomic beam apparatus

Minsoo Song and Tai Hyun Yoon

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023105 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790849 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2013

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We present a transportable effusive atomic beam apparatus for cascaded two-photon spectroscopy of the dipole-forbidden transition (6s2 1S0↔ 6s7s 1S0) of Yb atoms. An ohmic-heating effusive oven is designed to have a reservoir volume of 1.6 cm3 and a high degree of atomic beam collimation angle of 30 mrad. The new atomic beam apparatus allows us to detect the spontaneously cascaded two-photons from the 6s7s1S0 state via the intercombination 6s6p3P1 state with a high signal-to-noise ratio even at the temperature of 340 °C. This is made possible in our apparatus because of the enhanced atomic beam flux and superior detection solid angle.
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37.20.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques
03.75.Pp Atom lasers
32.80.-t Photoionization and excitation
42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy

Time-of-flight electron spectrometer for a broad range of kinetic energies

Alexander Kothe, Jan Metje, Martin Wilke, Alexandre Moguilevski, Nicholas Engel, Ruba Al-Obaidi, Clemens Richter, Ronny Golnak, Igor Yu. Kiyan, and Emad F. Aziz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023106 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791792 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 February 2013

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A newly constructed time-of-flight electron spectrometer of the magnetic bottle type is characterized for electron detection in a broad range of kinetic energies. The instrument is designed to measure the energy spectra of electrons generated from liquids excited by strong laser fields and photons in the range of extreme ultra violet and soft X-rays. Argon inner shell electrons were recorded to calibrate the spectrometer and investigate its characteristics, such as energy resolution and collection efficiency. Its energy resolution ΔE/E of 1.6% allows resolving the Ar 2p spin orbit structure at kinetic energies higher than 100 eV. The collection efficiency is determined and compared to that of the spectrometer in its field-free configuration.
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07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers
06.20.fb Standards and calibration

Continuously tunable optical multidimensional Fourier-transform spectrometer

P. Dey, J. Paul, J. Bylsma, S. Deminico, and D. Karaiskaj

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023107 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4792378 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 February 2013

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A multidimensional optical nonlinear spectrometer (MONSTR) is a robust, ultrastable platform consisting of nested and folded Michelson interferometers that can be actively phase stabilized. The MONSTR provides output pulses for nonlinear excitation of materials and phase-stabilized reference pulses for heterodyne detection of the induced signal. This platform generates a square of identical laser pulses that can be adjusted to have arbitrary time delays between them while maintaining phase stability. This arrangement is ideal for performing coherent optical experiments, such as multidimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. The present work reports on overcoming some important limitations on the original design of the MONSTR apparatus. One important advantage of the MONSTR is the fact that it is a closed platform, which provides the high stability. Once the optical alignment is performed, it is desirable to maintain the alignment over long periods of time. The previous design of the MONSTR was limited to a narrow spectral range defined by the optical coating of the beam splitters. In order to achieve tunability over a broad spectral range the internal optics needed to be changed. By using broadband coated and wedged beam splitters and compensator plates, combined with modifications of the beam paths, continuous tunability can be achieved from 520 nm to 1100 nm without changing any optics or performing alignment of the internal components of the MONSTR. Furthermore, in order to achieve continuous tunability in the spectral region between 520 nm and 720 nm, crucially important for studies on numerous biological molecules, a single longitudinal mode laser at 488.5 nm was identified and used as a metrology laser. The shorter wavelength of the metrology laser as compared to the usual HeNe laser has also increased the phase stability of the system. Finally, in order to perform experiments in the reflection geometry, a simple method to achieve active phase stabilization between the signal and the reference beams has been developed.
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07.60.Ly Interferometers
07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Slab coupled optical fiber sensor calibration

B. Whitaker, J. Noren, S. Chadderdon, W. Wang, R. Forber, R. Selfridge, and S. Schultz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023108 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789766 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 February 2013

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This paper presents a method for calibrating slab coupled optical fiber sensors (SCOS). An automated system is presented for selecting the optimal laser wavelength for use in SCOS interrogation. The wavelength calibration technique uses a computer sound card for both the creation of the applied electric field and the signal detection. The method used to determine the ratio between the measured SCOS signal and the applied electric field is also described along with a demonstration of the calibrated SCOS involving measuring the dielectric breakdown of air.
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42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
06.20.fb Standards and calibration
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy

Photoacoustic absorption spectrometer for highly transparent dielectrics with parts-per-million sensitivity

Niklas Waasem, Stephan Fieberg, Janosch Hauser, Gregory Gomes, Daniel Haertle, Frank Kühnemann, and Karsten Buse

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023109 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4792724 (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 February 2013

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A sensitive photoacoustic absorption spectrometer for highly transparent solids has been built and tested. As the light source an optical parametrical oscillator pumped by a nanosecond pulse laser with 10 Hz repetition rate is employed, covering the complete wavelength range from 407 to 2600 nm. A second-harmonic-generation unit extends the range of accessible wavelengths down to 212 nm. A lead-zirconate-titanate piezo transducer, directly coupled to the sample, detects the photoacoustically generated sound waves. Absorption spectra of lithium triborate, lithium niobate, and alpha barium borate crystals with absorption coefficients down to 10−5 cm−1 are presented.
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43.38.Fx Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
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