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Feb 2013

Volume 84, Issue 2, Articles (02xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 021101 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789314 (14 pages)

Alexey Goncharov

Typical permanent magnet electrostatic plasma lens, characteristically about 15 cm long and 10 cm inner diameter. The magnets are shown in black between grey spacers. A set of cylindrical ring electrodes are located within the magnetic field region, with field lines connecting ring electrode pairs symmetrically about the lens midplane.

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Note: Reducing polarization induced sidebands in Rayleigh backscattering spectra for accurate distributed strain measurement using optical frequency-domain reflectometry

Zhenyang Ding, X. Steve Yao, Tiegen Liu, Yang Du, Kun Liu, Qun Han, Zhuo Meng, and Dingjie Li

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026101 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790472 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2013

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We describe a phenomenon called polarization-induced sidebands (PIS) in Rayleigh backscatter spectra (RBS) and discuss its deteriorating effects on the distributed strain measurement using an optical frequency-domain reflectometry. We propose using a special polarization diversity detection scheme to remove PIS and successfully demonstrate accurate distributed strain measurement in the range of 0.75 μɛ–225 μɛ in a 50 m standard single mode fiber, with a good linearity between the strain and the spectra shift in RBS.
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42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization

Note: Tunable notch filter based on liquid crystal technology for microwave applications

V. Urruchi, C. Marcos, J. Torrecilla, J. M. Sánchez-Pena, and K. Garbat

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026102 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790555 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2013

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In this work, a compact design of an electrically tunable notch filter, based on liquid crystal (LC) technology, has been designed, manufactured, and characterized. The proposal has been achieved through particular configuration schemes with low cost inverted-microstrip structures and conventional spurlines structures due to its ease of integration. Central frequency tunability has been induced by applying low ac voltages, thus involving low power consumption. For these devices, filter responses have been approached specifically at microwave C-band frequency allocated for many satellite communications applications. Also, it has taken advantage of new highly anisotropic nematic LC mixtures at those frequency ranges.
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84.30.Vn Filters
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
84.40.Dc Microwave circuits
89.20.Kk Engineering
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
84.30.-r Electronic circuits

Note: A simple experimental arrangement to generate optical vortex beams

Dhirendra Kumar, Abhijit Das, and Bosanta R. Boruah

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026103 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790848 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 February 2013

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In this Note, we present a simple experimental arrangement to generate optical vortex beams. We have demonstrated how by taking print of an interferogram on a transparent sheet, vortex beams with various topological charges can be generated. Experimental results show that the vortex beam indeed carries the topological charge that is used to compute the interferograms. In addition to being simple and inexpensive, one major advantage of the arrangement is that it makes it possible to generate different vortex beams quickly, unlike using the photographic process to create the holograms.
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42.25.Hz Interference
42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques
07.60.Ly Interferometers

Note: A 3-stage stacked Blumlein using ceramic for energy storage

Songsong Wang, Ting Shu, and Hanwu Yang

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026104 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791797 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 February 2013

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We have developed a novel stacked Blumlein with high compactness by using ceramic for energy storage. The total volume of this stacked Blumlein is only 320 × 100 × 185 mm3. By triggering 3 spark gaps simultaneously, the developed stacked Blumlein is capable of producing a rectangular pulse with a voltage multiplication. A 32 ns quasi-rectangular pulse of 11.4 kV is measured across a 10 Ω dummy load when the 3-stage stacked Blumlein is DC charged up to 4 kV. The voltage multiplication is about 2.9, and the energy efficiency is about 96%. Simulation results indicate that vacuum or transformer oil is appropriate to be the insulation medium for the stacked Blumlein.
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84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage
84.30.-r Electronic circuits

Note: A new design for a low-temperature high-intensity helium beam source

B. A. J. Lechner, H. Hedgeland, W. Allison, J. Ellis, and A. P. Jardine

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026105 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791929 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 February 2013

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A high-intensity supersonic beam source is a key component of any atom scattering instrument, affecting the sensitivity and energy resolution of the experiment. We present a new design for a source which can operate at temperatures as low as 11.8 K, corresponding to a beam energy of 2.5 meV. The new source improves the resolution of the Cambridge helium spin-echo spectrometer by a factor of 5.5, thus extending the accessible timescales into the nanosecond range. We describe the design of the new source and discuss experiments characterizing its performance. Spin-echo measurements of benzene/Cu(100) illustrate its merit in the study of a typical slow-moving molecular adsorbate species.
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47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows

Note: Implementation of a cold spot setup for controlled variation of vapor pressures and its application to an InBr containing discharge lamp

S. Briefi

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026106 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4793228 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 19 February 2013

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In order to allow for a systematic investigation of the plasma properties of discharges containing indium halides, which are proposed as an efficient alternative for mercury based low pressure discharge lamps, a controlled variation of the indium halide density is mandatory. This can be achieved by applying a newly designed setup in which a well-defined cold spot location is implemented and the cold spot temperature can be adjusted between 50 and 350 °C without influencing the gas temperature. The performance of the setup has been proved by comparing the calculated evaporated InBr density (using the vapor pressure curve) with the one measured via white light absorption spectroscopy.
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42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes

Note: Computer controlled rotation mount for large diameter optics

Ana Rakonjac, Kris O. Roberts, Amita B. Deb, and Niels Kjærgaard

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026107 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791796 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 February 2013

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multimedia

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We describe the construction of a motorized optical rotation mount with a 40 mm clear aperture. The device is used to remotely control the power of large diameter laser beams for a magneto-optical trap. A piezo-electric ultrasonic motor on a printed circuit board provides rotation with a precision better than 0.03° and allows for a very compact design. The rotation unit is controlled from a computer via serial communication, making integration into most software control platforms straightforward.
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42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems
85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots
07.05.Dz Control systems

Note: Cavity enhanced self-absorption spectroscopy: A new diagnostic tool for light emitting matter

Anton J. Walsh, Dongfeng Zhao, and Harold Linnartz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026108 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4792840 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 February 2013

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We introduce the concept of Cavity Enhanced Self-Absorption Spectroscopy (CESAS), a new sensitive diagnostic tool for analyzing light-emitting samples. The technique works without an additional light source and its implementation is straight forward. In CESAS, a sample (plasma, flame, or combustion source) is located in an optically stable cavity consisting of two high reflectivity mirrors, and here it acts both as light source and absorbing medium. A modest portion of the emitted light is trapped inside the cavity, making 104–105 cavity round trips while crossing the sample and an artificial augmentation of the path length of the absorbing medium occurs as the light transverses the cavity. Light leaking out of the cavity simultaneously provides emission and absorption features. The performance is illustrated by CESAS results on supersonically expanding pulsed hydrocarbon plasma. We expect CESAS to become a generally applicable analytical tool for real time and in situ diagnostics.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
42.72.-g Optical sources and standards
42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and particles

Note: Electrochemical etching of silver tips in concentrated sulfuric acid

P. A. Hodgson, Y. Wang, A. Awez Mohammad, and P. Kruse

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026109 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4793243 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 February 2013

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Sharp metal tips have many uses, including in scanning probe microscopy. Silver is a particularly interesting metal for plasmonic enhancement, e.g., in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, however few methods for the production of silver tips have been explored. A simple and reliable one step dc electrochemical method for the production of sharp silver tips in concentrated H2SO4 is presented. The optimal conditions are 10 V cell voltage and 99% sulfuric acid for tip radii below 100 nm. A LabView program was written to control the cut-off of the circuit to within a millisecond to avoid blunting the tips after drop-off.
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81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods

Note: Signal amplification and filtering with a tristable stochastic resonance cantilever

Siliang Lu, Qingbo He, Haibin Zhang, Shangbin Zhang, and Fanrang Kong

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026110 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4792603 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 February 2013

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This Note reports a tristable cantilever that exploits stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon for a study of signal amplification and filtering. The tristable device system combines the benefits of bistable system (wide interwell spacing) and monostable system (smooth motion in potential). The prototype tristable cantilever exhibits 42 times root-mean-square amplitude, 35.86 dB power gain, advance of 15 dB signal-to-noise ratio, and twice fidelity at around 7.6 Hz as compared to the input signal. In a wide operating bandwidth [5.5 Hz, 8.2 Hz], the tristable SR cantilever outperforms the traditional monostable cantilever and bistable SR cantilever in these characteristics.
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84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication satellites

Note: Auto-relock system for a bow-tie cavity for second harmonic generation

Shinsuke Haze, Sousuke Hata, Munekazu Fujinaga, and Takashi Mukaiyama

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026111 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4793613 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 25 February 2013

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This Note reports on the implementation of an automatic relocking system for a bow-tie cavity for second harmonic generation to produce an ultra-violet laser source. The system is based on a sample-and-hold technique for controlling the cavity length using simple servo electronics. Long-term stabilization of the cavity output power is successfully achieved, which makes this system suitable for designing stable atomic physics experiments.
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42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Note: Design of a dose-controlled phototherapy system based on hyperspectral studies

M. F. Ugarte, L. Chávarri, and S. Briz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 026112 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790412 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 25 February 2013

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Phototherapy consists in applying radiation on a part of the human body in order to treat an illness. A radiation dose is established for each treatment. In order to apply the correct dose a treatment time is set. However, in this work we have carried out some hyperspectral imaging studies that conclude that the radiation sources and the absorption properties of each patient can change. Therefore, the same treatment time does not ensure that the patient receive the appropriate dose. Thus, an optimized therapy system must measure the radiation emitted by the source and absorbed by the patient on real time to calculate the optimal dose at which the treatment is effective. In this work, we have developed and designed a custom system to measure the effectiveness of a radiative therapy treatment to adapt the appropriate dose for a specific patient in real time.
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87.50.wp Therapeutic applications
87.50.wj Dosimetry/exposure assessment
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