RSI Nameplate
  • Volume/Page
  • Keyword
  • DOI
  • Citation
  • Advanced
   
 
 
 

Flickr Twitter UniPHY Group iResearch App Facebook

Review of Scientific Instruments / Volume 82 / Issue 10 / INVITED REVIEW ARTICLE

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 101101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3652857 (44 pages)

Invited Review Article: Interferometric gravity wave detectors

G. Cella1 and A. Giazotto1,2

1Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sez. Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
2European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), Via E. Amaldi 56021 S. Stefano di Macerata Cascina (Pi), Italy

View MapView Map

(Received 22 October 2010; accepted 8 August 2011; published online 25 October 2011)

A direct detection of gravitational waves is still lacking today. A network of several earthbound interferometric detectors is currently operating with a continuously improving sensitivity. The window of interest for observation has a lower cut off in the frequency domain below some tens of hertz, determined by the effect of seismic motion. For larger frequencies, the sensitivity is limited by thermal effects below few hundreds of hertz and by the quantum nature of light above that value. Each of these sources of noise pose a big technological challenge to experimentalists, and there are big expectations for the next generation of detectors. A reduction of thermal effects by at least one order of magnitude will be obtained with new and carefully designed materials. At that point the quantum nature of light will become an issue, and the use of quantum non-demolition techniques will become mandatory. In this review, we discuss interferometric detection of gravitational waves from an instrumental point of view. We try to address conceptually important issues with an audience of non-experts in mind. A particular emphasis is given to the description of the current limitations and to the perspectives of beating them.

© 2011 American Institute of Physics

Article Outline

  1. INTRODUCTION
    1. Interferometers
    2. The nature of gravitational waves
    3. The noise budget
  2. OPTICAL ISSUES
    1. Locking and control
      1. Lock acquisition
    2. The laser source
    3. Optical noise
    4. Detection techniques
    5. Beating the standard quantum limit
      1. Modification of input and/or output
      2. Measurement of quantum non demolition observables
      3. Signal recycling
      4. Modification of the test mass dynamics
      5. Quantum feedback
      6. Optical losses
      7. Perspectives
  3. ENVIRONMENTAL NOISES
    1. Seismic isolation
      1. Effective mirror mass
      2. Vertical attenuation
      3. The tilt problem
    2. Gravity gradient noise
  4. THERMAL NOISE
    1. Mirror thermal noise
      1. The coating thermal noise
    2. Suspension thermal noise
    3. High power lasers and thermal lensing
  5. CONCLUSIONS

RELATED DATABASES

To view database links for this article, you need to log in.

KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords

gravitational wave detectors, gravitational waves, light interferometers

PACS

  • 07.60.Ly

    Interferometers

  • 95.55.Ym

    Gravitational radiation detectors; mass spectrometers; and other instrumentation and techniques

  • 04.80.Nn

    Gravitational wave detectors and experiments

  • 04.30.-w

    Gravitational waves

ARTICLE DATA

Digital Object Identifier
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3652857

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN

0034-6748 (print)  
1089-7623 (online)

Publisher

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef American Institute of Physics

For access to fully linked references, you need to log in.
    J. Weber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 1320 (1969).

    C. M. Caves, Phys. Rev. D 23, 1693 (1981).

    F. Cavalier, M. Barsuglia, M.-A. Bizouard, V. Brisson, A.-C. Clapson, M. Davier, P. Hello, S. Kreckelbergh, N. Leroy, and M. Varvella, Phys. Rev. D 74 082004 (2006).

    A. Nishizawa, A. Taruya, K. Hayama, S. Kawamura, and M.-a. Sakagami, Phys. Rev. D 79, 082002 (2009).

    M. Landry, AIP Conf. Proc. 983, 627 (2008)APCPCS000983000001000627000001.

    C. M. Caves, K. S. Thorne, R. W.P. Drever, V. D. Sandberg, and M. Zimmermann, Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 341 (1980).

    K. S. Thorne, R. W. P. Drever, C. M. Caves, M. Zimmermann, and V. D. Sandberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 667 (1978).

    C. M. Caves and B. L. Schumaker, Phys. Rev. A 31, 3068 (1985).

    B. L. Schumaker and C. M. Caves, Phys. Rev. A 31, 3093 (1985).

    V. Chickarmane, S. V. Dhurandhar, T. C. Ralph, M. Gray, H.-A. Bachor, and D. E. McClelland, Phys. Rev. A 57, 3898 (1998).

    K. Somiya, Y. Chen, S. Kawamura, and N. Mio, Phys. Rev. D 73, 122005 (2006).

    A. Di Virgilio, L. Barsotti, S. Braccini, C. Bradaschia, G. Cella, C. Corda, V. Dattilo, I. Ferrante, F. Fidecaro, I. Fiori, F. Frasconi, A. Gennai, A. Giazotto, P. La Penna, G. Losurdo, E. Majorana, M. Mantovani, A. Pasqualetti, D. Passuello, F. Piergiovanni, A. Porzio, P. Puppo, P. Rapagnani, F. Ricci, S. Solimeno, G. Vajente, and F. Vetrano, Phys. Rev. A 74, 013813 (2006).

    J. Harms, Y. Chen, S. Chelkowski, A. Franzen, H. Vahlbruch, K. Danzmann, and R. Schnabel, Phys. Rev. D 68, 042001 (2003).

    C. Fabre, M. Pinard, S. Bourzeix, A. Heidmann, E. Giacobino, and S. Reynaud, Phys. Rev. A 49, 1337 (1994).

    S. Bose, K. Jacobs, and P. L. Knight, Phys. Rev. A 56, 4175 (1997).

    T. Corbitt, Y. Chen, F. Khalili, D. Ottaway, S. Vyatchanin, S. Whitcomb, and N. Mavalvala, Phys. Rev. A 73, 023801 (2006).

    B. S. Sheard, M. B. Gray, C. M. Mow-Lowry, D. E. McClelland, and S. E. Whitcomb, Phys. Rev. A 69, 051801 (2004).

    A. Dorsel, J. D. McCullen, P. Meystre, E. Vignes, and H. Walther, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1550 (1983).

    M. Xiao, L.-A. Wu, and H. J. Kimble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 278 (1987).

    T. Corbitt, Y. Chen, F. Khalili, D. Ottaway, S. Vyatchanin, S. Whitcomb, and N. Mavalvala, Phys. Rev. A 73, 023801 (2006).

    G. Losurdo, G. Calamai, E. Cuoco, L. Fabbroni, G. Guidi, M. Mazzoni, R. Stanga, F. Vetrano, L. Holloway, D. Passuello, G. Ballardin, S. Braccini, C. Bradaschia, R. Cavalieri, R. Cecchi, G. Cella, V. Dattilo, A. D. Virgilio, F. Fidecaro, F. Frasconi, A. Gennai, A. Giazotto, I. Ferrante, P. L. Penna, F. Lelli, T. Lomtadze, A. Marin, S. Mancini, F. Paoletti, A. Pasqualetti, R. Passaquieti, R. Poggiani, R. Taddei, A. Vicere, and Z. Zhang, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 3653 (2001)RSINAK000072000009003653000001.

    J. Giaime, P. Saha, D. Shoemaker, and L. Sievers, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 208 (1999)RSINAK000067000001000208000001.

    J. Giaime, E. J. Daw, M. Weitz, R. Adhikari, R. Abbott, R. Bork, and J. Heefner, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 218 (2003)RSINAK000074000001000218000001.

    P. R. Saulson, Phys. Rev. D 30, 732 (1984).

    H. B. Callen and R. F. Greene, Phys. Rev. 86, 702 (1952).

    M. Alshourbagy, P. Amico, L. Bosi, G. Cagnoli, E. Campagna, F. Cottone, A. Dari, L. Gammaitoni, M. Lorenzini, G. Losurdo, F. Marchesoni, F. Martelli, F. Piergiovanni, M. Punturo, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli, F. Travasso, F. Vetrano, and H. Vocca, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 4 (2006)RSINAK000077000004044502000001.

    E. D. Black and K. G. Libbrecht, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 241101 (2004).

    G. Cella and A. Giazotto, Phys. Rev. D 74, 042001 (2006).

    K. Numata, M. Ando, K. Yamamoto, S. Otsuka, and K. Tsubono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 260602 (2003).

    K. Yamamoto, S. Miyoki, T. Uchiyama, H. Ishitsuka, M. Ohashi, K. Kuroda, T. Tomaru, N. Sato, T. Suzuki, T. Haruyama, A. Yamamoto, T. Shintomi, K. Numata, K. Waseda, K. Ito, and K. Watanabe, Phys. Rev. D 74, 022002 (2006).

    G. Cagnoli, L. Gammaitoni, J. Hough, J. Kovalik, S. McIntosh, M. Punturo, and S. Rowan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2442 (2000).

    S. Sato, S. Kawamura, K. Kokeyama, F. Kawazoe, and K. Somiya, Phys. Rev. D 75, 082004 (2007).

    C. J. Horowitz and K. Kadau, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 191102 (2009).

    M. Rakhmanov, Phys. Rev. D 71, 084003 (2005).


Figures (27) Tables (1)

Access to article objects (figures, tables, multimedia) requires a subscription; log in to view available files.
(Access to supplementary files, where available, is free for this journal.)

Access to article objects (figures, tables, multimedia) requires a subscription; log in to view available files.
(Access to supplementary files, where available, is free for this journal.)



Close

Google Calendar

ADVERTISEMENT

Your Recent History Recent History Help

Recently Viewed

  1. Invited Review Article: Interferometric gravity wave detectors
  2. Note: Scalable multiphoton coincidence-counting electronics
  3. Invited Review Article: IceCube: An instrument for neutrino astronomy
  4. Note: A thermally stable tension meter for atmospheric soundings using kites
  5. Inductive conductivity tensor measurement for flowline or material samples
Go to AIP Home
Copyright © American Institute of Physics
close