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May 2010

Volume 81, Issue 5, Articles (05xxxx)

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back to top Optics; Atoms and Molecules; Spectroscopy; Photon Detectors

Wavelength stabilization of a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator: Optimizing proportional-integral control

Tobias P. Lamour, Jinghua Sun, and Derryck T. Reid

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3385684 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 3 May 2010

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We describe a formal approach to the wavelength stabilization of a synchronously pumped ultrafast optical parametric oscillator using proportional-integral feedback control. Closed-loop wavelength stabilization was implemented by using a position-sensitive detector as a sensor and a piezoelectric transducer to modify the cavity length of the oscillator. By characterizing the frequency response of the loop components, we constructed a predictive model of the controller which showed formally that a proportional-only feedback was insufficient to eliminate the steady state error, consistent with experimental observations. The optimal proportional and integral gain coefficients were obtained from a numerical optimization of the controller model that minimized the settling time while also limiting the overshoot to an acceptable value. Results are presented showing effective wavelength and power stabilization to levels limited only by the relative intensity noise of the pump laser.
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42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
07.05.Dz Control systems

Optical sensing and determination of complex reflection coefficients of plasmonic structures using transmission interferometric plasmonic sensor

Takumi Sannomiya, Tobias E. Balmer, Christian Hafner, Manfred Heuberger, and Janos Vörös

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053102 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3405912 (9 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2010

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The combination of interferometry and plasmonic structure, which consists of gold nanoparticle layer, sputter coated silicon oxide spacer layer, and aluminum mirror layer, was studied in transmission mode for biosensing and refractive index sensing applications. Because of the interferometric nature of the system, the information of the reflection amplitude and phase of the plasmonic layer can be deduced from one spectrum. The modulation amplitude in the transmission spectrum, caused by the interference between the plasmonic particle layer and the mirror layer, increases upon the refractive index increase around the plasmonic particles due to their coherent backscattering property. Our proposed evaluation method requires only two light sources with different wavelengths for a stable self-referenced signal, which can be easily and precisely tuned by a transparent spacer layer thickness. Unlike the standard localized surface plasmon sensors, where a sharp resonance peak is essential, a broad band plasmon resonance is accepted in this method. This leads to large fabrication tolerance of the plasmonic structures. We investigated bulk and adsorption layer sensitivities both experimentally and by simulation. The highest sensitivity wavelength corresponded to the resonance of the plasmonic particles, but useful signals are produced in a much broader spectral range. Analysis of a single transmission spectrum allowed us to access the wavelength-dependent complex reflection coefficient of the plasmonic particle layer, which confirmed the reflection amplitude increase in the plasmonic particle layer upon molecular adsorption.
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07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.60.Ly Interferometers
42.25.-p Wave optics

Infrared spectroscopy of the organic monolayer sandwiched between a Hg electrode and a Si substrate

Masayuki Furuhashi and Jun Yoshinobu

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3422256 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2010

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We have successfully observed the vibrational spectra of organic monolayers sandwiched between a liquid Hg electrode and a Si substrate by means of a newly developed reflection absorption (RA) device. The vibrational spectra of organic monolayers between two electrodes can be observed under a certain bias voltage. The monolayers were fabricated by the reaction of hydrogen-terminated Si(111) with 1-octadecene. A metal/insulator/semiconductor structure was prepared using liquid Hg as a metal electrode and the organic monolayer as an insulator. Infrared (IR) light entered from the Si substrate side with an incident angle of 75°. The reflected IR light from the metallic Hg was detected by a mercury-cadmium-telluride detector. We obtained RA spectra using a bare H–Si(111) substrate as a reference. The absorbance of the RA spectrum was comparable with that of the transmission spectrum for the octadecyl-terminated Si(111) without Hg. The C–H stretching modes in the CH2 group show blueshifts, and the C–H antisymmetric stretching modes in the CH3 are broadened in comparison with the transmission spectrum. Under a certain bias voltage, we observed changes in band shape. We concluded that the variation was due to the temperature increase by resistive heating of the substrate.
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78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
78.30.Jw Organic compounds, polymers
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

SAMRAI: A novel variably polarized angle-resolved photoemission beamline in the VUV region at UVSOR-II

Shin-Ichi Kimura, Takahiro Ito, Masahiro Sakai, Eiken Nakamura, Naonori Kondo, Toshio Horigome, Kenji Hayashi, Masahito Hosaka, Masahiro Katoh, Tomohiro Goto, Takeo Ejima, and Kazuo Soda

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053104 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3425778 (7 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 13 May 2010

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A novel variably polarized angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy beamline in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) region has been installed at the UVSOR-II 750 MeV synchrotron light source. The beamline is equipped with a 3 m long APPLE-II type undulator with horizontally/vertically linear and right/left circular polarizations, a 10 m Wadsworth type monochromator covering a photon energy range of 6–43 eV, and a 200 mm radius hemispherical photoelectron analyzer with an electron lens of a ±18° acceptance angle. Due to the low emittance of the UVSOR-II storage ring, the light source is regarded as an entrance slit, and the undulator light is directly led to a grating by two plane mirrors in the monochromator while maintaining a balance between high-energy resolution and high photon flux. The energy resolving power (hν/Δhν) and photon flux of the monochromator are typically 1×104 and 1012 photons/s, respectively, with a 100 μm exit slit. The beamline is used for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with an energy resolution of a few meV covering the UV-to-VUV energy range.
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07.85.Qe Synchrotron radiation instrumentation
41.85.Lc Particle beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles

Direct spectral phase measurement with Spectral Interferometry Resolved in Time Extra Dimensional

D. Bigourd, J. Luce, E. Mazataud, E. Hugonnot, and C. Rouyer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053105 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3405983 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 May 2010

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The complete spectral characterization of ultrashort pulses is demonstrated with a new diagnostic called Spectral Interferometry Resolved in Time Extra Dimensional. This method, based on spectral shearing interferometry, is self-referenced and self-calibrated. It yields directly to an interferogram pattern displaying an intuitive representation of the derivative of the spectral phase. No iterative algorithm is needed for phase measurement making this method suitable for real time and easy characterization. This technique is highlighted by the spectral phase characterization of pulses out of a folded nondispersive line and the pulse shape is compared with a trace recorded with an intensity autocorrelator.
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07.60.Ly Interferometers

New ambient pressure photoemission endstation at Advanced Light Source beamline 9.3.2

Michael E. Grass, Patrik G. Karlsson, Funda Aksoy, Måns Lundqvist, Björn Wannberg, Bongjin S. Mun, Zahid Hussain, and Zhi Liu

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053106 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3427218 (7 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 13 May 2010

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During the past decade, the application of ambient pressure photoemission spectroscopy (APPES) has been recognized as an important in situ tool to study environmental and materials science, energy related science, and many other fields. Several APPES endstations are currently under planning or development at the USA and international light sources, which will lead to a rapid expansion of this technique. The present work describes the design and performance of a new APPES instrument at the Advanced Light Source beamline 9.3.2 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. This new instrument, Scienta R4000 HiPP, is a result of collaboration between Advanced Light Source and its industrial partner VG-Scienta. The R4000 HiPP provides superior electron transmission as well as spectromicroscopy modes with 16 μm spatial resolution in one dimension and angle-resolved modes with simulated 0.5° angular resolution at 24° acceptance. Under maximum transmission mode, the electron detection efficiency is more than an order of magnitude better than the previous endstation at beamline 9.3.2. Herein we describe the design and performance of the system, which has been utilized to record spectra above 2 mbar.
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07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers

A Fabry–Pérot electro-optic sensing system using a drive-current-tuned wavelength laser diode

Wen-Kai Kuo, Pei-Yu Wu, and Chang-Ching Lee

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053107 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3429950 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 13 May 2010

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A Fabry–Pérot enhanced electro-optic sensing system that utilizes a drive-current-tuned wavelength laser diode is presented. An electro-optic prober made of LiNbO3 crystal with an asymmetric Fabry–Pérot cavity is used in this system. To lock the wavelength of the laser diode at resonant condition, a closed-loop power control scheme is proposed. Experiment results show that the system can keep the electro-optic prober at high sensitivity for a long working time when the closed-loop control function is on. If this function is off, the sensitivity may be fluctuated and only one-third of the best level in the worst case.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Abel transform analysis of ion storage ring imaging data

Vitali Zhaunerchyk

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053108 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3422263 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 May 2010

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In this paper a new approach to analyze dissociative recombination product distance distributions measured at ion storage rings is presented. This approach is based on an Abel transform and the validity is demonstrated for the imaging data obtained from the CRYRING experiments on the dissociative recombination of H2+ and CO+. The reported method is generally valid for the data analysis of high resolution merged beams experiments such as DESIREE where isotropic fragment distributions can be expected.
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34.80.Lx Recombination, attachment, and positronium formation
34.80.Ht Dissociation and dissociative attachment
32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions
07.05.Pj Image processing

A precise high-resolution near infrared continuous wave cavity ringdown spectrometer using a Fourier transform based wavelength calibration

Carsten Fehling and Gernot Friedrichs

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053109 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3422254 (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 18 May 2010

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A wavelength calibration technique is described, which is based on a combination of a Fourier transform wavelength meter and a distributed feedback laser locked to a molecular transition as a frequency marker in the spectrum. The technique provides a reliable wavelength scale to be used in high resolution continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy without need for stabilization of the probe laser and accurately known molecular transitions in the scanned wavelength range. Due to a continuous reference measurement, ambient influences on the laser sources are effectively suppressed. As an example, we measured highly resolved cavity ringdown spectra of N2O isotopomers and determined the line strength of several absorption lines at a wavelength around 1687 nm. A near infrared wavelength precision of 6×10−8 and an absolute accuracy on the order of 1×10−7 was readily achieved. The general concept is easy to implement and can be further refined by using additional reference lasers, thus holding the potential of even higher wavelength accuracy.
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42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
02.30.Nw Fourier analysis

Extended temperature tuning of an ultraviolet diode laser for trapping and cooling single Yb+ ions

A.-T. Nguyen, L.-B. Wang, M. M. Schauer, and J. R. Torgerson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053110 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3386580 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 May 2010

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We describe an ultraviolet (uv) diode laser system for cooling trapped Yb+ ions. Using four stages of thermoelectric cooling, 10 mW of light at 369.5 nm is obtained by cooling a 373.4-nm uv diode to approximately −20 °C. Frequency stabilization is provided by a diffraction grating mounted in the Littrow configuration which allows for a mode-hop free tuning range of ∼ 25 GHz. In order to avoid water condensation, the diode laser and associated optics are placed inside an evacuated chamber. Saturated absorption spectroscopy utilizing an Yb hollow cathode lamp is performed. This laser system is currently being used to cool single ions in an experiment whose ultimate goal is to look for modern variation of the fine-structure constant.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and particles
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.79.Dj Gratings
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
37.10.Vz Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions

High performance resonance Raman spectroscopy using volume Bragg gratings as tunable light filters

Matthieu Paillet, François Meunier, Marc Verhaegen, Sébastien Blais-Ouellette, and Richard Martel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053111 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3405839 (6 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 20 May 2010

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We designed a near infrared tunable resonance Raman spectroscopy system based on a tandem of thick volume Bragg gratings (VBGs). VBGs are here the constituents of two light filtering units: a tunable laser line filter (LLF) and a tunable notch filter (NF). When adapted in a micro-Raman setup with a single stage monochromator (1800 gr/mm grating), the tandem of LLF and NF allowed measurements of Raman signals down to ±20 cm−1. The good performance and fast tunability of the VBG Raman system was demonstrated on a sulfur powder and on a bulk single-walled carbon nanotube sample through a series of 22 Stokes and anti-Stokes spectra recorded at excitation wavelengths between 800 and 990 nm. The main drawbacks of the setup are the limited spectral range to the near infrared and the small angular acceptance of the filters ( ≈ 1 mrad), which causes mainly attenuation problems with the NF. The impact of the main limitations is discussed and solutions are provided.
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07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.15.Eq Optical system design

Transportable distance measurement system based on superheterodyne interferometry using two phase-locked frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers

S. Azouigui, T. Badr, J.-P. Wallerand, M. Himbert, J. Salgado, and P. Juncar

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053112 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3428729 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2010

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We describe a transportable distance measurement system based on synthetic wavelength interferometry. Two frequency-doubled Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet lasers at 532 nm are used to generate a synthetic wavelength of ∼ 2.5 cm. A nonpolarizing interferometric system has been set up to eliminate polarization cross-talk issue. A superheterodyne detection was performed to measure the synthetic phase and to determine absolute distances. The capability to achieve fringe interpolation of 2π/5600 has been demonstrated and an agreement in distance measurement at the 4 μm level has been achieved, compared to an optical interferometric 3 m long displacement bench.
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42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
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