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Nov 2010

Volume 81, Issue 11, Articles (11xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 111301 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3514548 (11 pages)

P. Janhunen, P. K. Toivanen, J. Polkko, S. Merikallio, P. Salminen, E. Haeggström, H. Seppänen, R. Kurppa, J. Ukkonen, S. Kiprich, G. Thornell, H. Kratz, L. Richter, O. Krömer, R. Rosta, et al.

Artist's impression of the electric solar wind sail, a new propulsion concept using the natural solar wind for propulsion with the help of long, thin, charged and centrifugally stretched tethers. Copyrighted illustration used with permission of the artist Alexandre Szames, Antigravite, Paris.

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back to top Condensed Matter; Materials

A rotator for single-crystal neutron diffraction at high pressure

J. Fang, C. L. Bull, H. Hamidov, J. S. Loveday, M. J. Gutmann, R. J. Nelmes, and K. V. Kamenev

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113901 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3494606 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2010

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We present a modified Paris–Edinburgh press which allows rotation of the anvils and the sample under applied load. The device is designed to overcome the problem of having large segments of reciprocal space obscured by the tie rods of the press during single-crystal neutron-scattering experiments. The modified press features custom designed hydraulic bearings and provides controls for precision rotation and positioning. The advantages of using the device for increasing the number of measurable reflections are illustrated with the results of neutron-diffraction experiments on a single crystal of germanium rotated under a load of 70 tonnes.
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61.05.F- Neutron diffraction and scattering

X-ray diffraction in the pulsed laser heated diamond anvil cell

Alexander F. Goncharov, Vitali B. Prakapenka, Viktor V. Struzhkin, Innokenty Kantor, Mark L. Rivers, and D. Allen Dalton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113902 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3499358 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2010

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We have developed in situ x-ray synchrotron diffraction measurements of samples heated by a pulsed laser in the diamond anvil cell at pressure up to 60 GPa. We used an electronically modulated 2–10 kHz repetition rate, 1064–1075 nm fiber laser with 1–100 μs pulse width synchronized with a gated x-ray detector (Pilatus) and time-resolved radiometric temperature measurements. This enables the time domain measurements as a function of temperature in a microsecond time scale (averaged over many events, typically more than 10 000). X-ray diffraction data, temperature measurements, and finite element calculations with realistic geometric and thermochemical parameters show that in the present experimental configuration, samples 4 μm thick can be continuously temperature monitored (up to 3000 K in our experiments) with the same level of axial and radial temperature uniformities as with continuous heating. We find that this novel technique offers a new and convenient way of fine tuning the maximum sample temperature by changing the pulse width of the laser. This delicate control, which may also prevent chemical reactivity and diffusion, enables accurate measurement of melting curves, phase changes, and thermal equations of state.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
29.20.dk Synchrotrons

A simple method to deposit palladium doped SnO2 thin films using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique

Young Soon Kim, S. G. Ansari, Z. A. Ansari, Rizwan Wahab, and Hyung-Shik Shin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113903 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3498898 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 5 November 2010

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This work presents a simple method to deposit palladium doped tin oxide (SnO2) thin films using modified plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition as a function of deposition temperature at a radio frequency plasma power of 150 W. Stannic chloride (SnCl4) was used as precursor and oxygen (O2, 100 SCCM) (SCCM denotes cubic centimeter per minute at STP) as reactant gas. Palladium hexafluroacetyleacetonate (Pd(C5HF6O2)2) was used as a precursor for palladium. Fine granular morphology was observed with tetragonal rutile structure. A peak related to Pd2Sn is observed, whose intensity increases slightly with deposition temperature. Electrical resistivity value decreased from 8.6 to 0.9 mΩ cm as a function of deposition temperature from 400 to 600 °C. Photoelectron peaks related to Sn 3d, Sn 3p3, Sn 4d, O 1s, and C 1s were detected with varying intensities as a function of deposition temperature.
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81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
79.60.Dp Adsorbed layers and thin films
73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors
68.55.at Other materials
68.55.J- Morphology of films
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition

A Peltier cells differential calorimeter with kinetic correction for the measurement of cp(H,T) and Δs(H,T) of magnetocaloric materials

Vittorio Basso, Carlo Paolo Sasso, and Michaela Küpferling

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113904 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3499253 (9 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 10 November 2010

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In this paper we describe and test a setup for the characterization of the magnetocaloric effect around room temperature. The setup is a differential calorimeter able to measure both the specific heat cp(H,T) under constant magnetic field H and the isothermal entropy change induced by changing H, Δs(H,T), in the room temperature range. The setup uses miniaturized Peltier cells to measure the heat flux, with resolution of about 1 μW, and power Peltier cells to regulate the temperature in the range from 243 K (−30 °C) to 343 K (+70 °C). The kinetic effects due to the heat capacity of the measuring cells are taken into account by a simple model of the heat flux diffusion in the calorimetric cell. As measurement examples, we show the characterization of the magnetocaloric effect in magnetic materials with a second order transition [without latent heat and without hysteresis, as in the La1(Fe1−x−yCoySix)13 alloy with x = 0.077 and y = 0.079] and with a first order transitions (with latent heat and hysteresis as in Ni50Mn36Co1Sn13). As a result we compare the entropy change Δs(H,T) derived from (i) the integration of the specific heat cp(H,T) and (ii) the direct isothermal measurements, obtaining an excellent agreement.
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07.20.Fw Calorimeters
75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.)

Piezoelectric rotator for studying quantum effects in semiconductor nanostructures at high magnetic fields and low temperatures

L. A. Yeoh, A. Srinivasan, T. P. Martin, O. Klochan, A. P. Micolich, and A. R. Hamilton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113905 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3502645 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 10 November 2010

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We report the design and development of a piezoelectric sample rotation system, and its integration into an Oxford Instruments Kelvinox 100 dilution refrigerator, for orientation-dependent studies of quantum transport in semiconductor nanodevices at millikelvin temperatures in magnetic fields up to 10 T. Our apparatus allows for continuous in situ rotation of a device through >100° in two possible configurations. The first enables rotation of the field within the plane of the device, and the second allows the field to be rotated from in-plane to perpendicular to the device plane. An integrated angle sensor coupled with a closed-loop feedback system allows the device orientation to be known to within ±0.03° while maintaining the sample temperature below 100 mK.
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85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
85.75.-d Magnetoelectronics; spintronics: devices exploiting spin polarized transport or integrated magnetic fields
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Heteroepitaxy of Nd0.67Sr0.33MnO3 on silicon for bolometric x-ray detector application

G. J. Yong, Rajeswari M. Kolagani, S. Adhikari, O. B. Drury, C. Gardner, R. M. Bionta, and S. Friedrich

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113906 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3499244 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 18 November 2010

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We have recently reported the design concept and sensor fabrication for a novel bolometric x-ray detector based on a rare earth manganite material for application as a total energy monitor for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) free electron laser at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The detector employs epitaxial thin films of Nd0.67Sr0.33MnO3 grown on Si by pulsed laser deposition. In this paper we report details of the fabrication of the actual detector, its response characteristics under photon illumination from LCLS, and improvements in the growth scheme of the sensor material on Si using a buffer/template layer scheme that employs yttria-stabilized zirconia, cerium oxide (CeO2), and bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12). The thermal sensor response changes linearly with the energy of an optical calibration laser as expected, and the signals from optical and x-ray pulses at LCLS are very similar, thereby validating the design concept. To the best of our knowledge, the LCLS detector application reported here is the first practical use of colossal magnetoresistive manganite bolometers.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
29.40.-n Radiation detectors
47.80.Fg Pressure and temperature measurements

Determining concentration depth profiles of thin foam films with neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy

Christiaan Ridings and Gunther G. Andersson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113907 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3491736 (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 19 November 2010

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Equipment is developed to measure the concentration depth profiles in foam films with the vacuum based technique neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy. Thin foam films have not previously been investigated using vacuum based techniques, hence specialized methods and equipment have been developed for generating and equilibrating of foam films under vacuum. A specialized film holder has been developed that encloses the foam film in a pressure cell. The pressure cell is air-tight except for apertures that allow for the entrance and exit of the ion beam to facilitate the analysis with the ion scattering technique. The cell is supplied with a reservoir of solvent which evaporates upon evacuating the main chamber. This causes the cell to be maintained at the vapor pressure of the solvent, thus minimizing further evaporation from the films. In order to investigate the effect of varying the pressure over the films, a hydrostatic pressure is applied to the foam films. Concentration depth profiles of the elements in a thin foam film made from a solution of glycerol and the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TAB) were measured. The measured concentration depth profiles are used to compare the charge distribution in foam films with the charge distribution at the surface of a bulk solution. A greater charge separation was observed at the films’ surface compared to the bulk surface, which implies a greater electrostatic force contribution to the stabilization of thin foam films.
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82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis
82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
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