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Aug 2009

Volume 80, Issue 8, Articles (08xxxx)

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Invited Review Article: Imaging techniques for harmonic and multiphoton absorption fluorescence microscopy

Ramón Carriles, Dawn N. Schafer, Kraig E. Sheetz, Jeffrey J. Field, Richard Cisek, Virginijus Barzda, Anne W. Sylvester, and Jeffrey A. Squier

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 081101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3184828 (23 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 5 August 2009

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Show Abstract
We review the current state of multiphoton microscopy. In particular, the requirements and limitations associated with high-speed multiphoton imaging are considered. A description of the different scanning technologies such as line scan, multifoci approaches, multidepth microscopy, and novel detection techniques is given. The main nonlinear optical contrast mechanisms employed in microscopy are reviewed, namely, multiphoton excitation fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and third harmonic generation. Techniques for optimizing these nonlinear mechanisms through a careful measurement of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the focal volume are discussed, and a brief summary of photobleaching effects is provided. Finally, we consider three new applications of multiphoton microscopy: nonlinear imaging in microfluidics as applied to chemical analysis and the use of two-photon absorption and self-phase modulation as contrast mechanisms applied to imaging problems in the medical sciences.
Show PACS
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
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