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Jan 2009

Volume 80, Issue 1, Articles (01xxxx)

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Announcement: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters available for author names

Mark M. Cassar

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 010201 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3077642 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 January 2009

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Abstract Unavailable
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01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
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Announcement: Reduced fees for color in print

Mark M. Cassar

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 010202 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3078192 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 January 2009

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Abstract Unavailable
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01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
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A vapor cell based on dispensers for laser spectroscopy

E. M. Bridge, J. Millen, C. S. Adams, and M. P. A. Jones

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3036980 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2009

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We describe a simple strontium vapor cell for laser spectroscopy experiments. Strontium vapor is produced using an electrically heated commercial dispenser source. The sealed cell operates at room temperature, and without a buffer gas or vacuum pump. The cell was characterized using laser spectroscopy, and was found to offer stable and robust operation, with an estimated lifetime of >10 000 h. By changing the dispenser, this technique can be readily extended to other alkali and alkaline earth elements.
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07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Automatic beam alignment system for a pulsed infrared laser

L. Kral

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3058604 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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A fully automatic alignment system for a pulsed infrared laser beam (5 ns pulses, 10 Hz repetition rate, 1.3 μm wavelength) was developed and tested. It compensates for long-term fluctuations of the beam initial position and direction—the automatic realignment is performed every 10 min, and lasts typically 1–2 min. The system adjusts the beam initial position with a maximum error of 0.5 mm (10% of the beam diameter) and the beam direction with a maximum error of 50 μrad. The solution is based on two InGaAs quadrant photodiodes as the position detectors and two motorized mirrors controlled by a personal computer. The signals from the quadrant detectors are processed by a peak detector and digitized by an analog to digital converter, which is synchronized with the laser pulses.
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42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
42.15.Eq Optical system design
07.05.Dz Control systems
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
42.87.-d Optical testing techniques
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Cryogenic ion trapping systems with surface-electrode traps

P. B. Antohi, D. Schuster, G. M. Akselrod, J. Labaziewicz, Y. Ge, Z. Lin, W. S. Bakr, and I. L. Chuang

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3058605 (9 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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We present two simple cryogenic rf ion trap systems in which cryogenic temperatures and ultra high vacuum pressures can be reached in as little as 12 h. The ion traps are operated either in a liquid helium bath cryostat or in a low vibration closed cycle cryostat. The fast turn around time and availability of buffer gas cooling made the systems ideal for testing surface-electrode ion traps. The vibration amplitude of the closed cycled cryostat was found to be below 106 nm. We evaluated the systems by loading surface-electrode ion traps with 88Sr+ ions using laser ablation, which is compatible with the cryogenic environment. Using Doppler cooling we observed small ion crystals in which optically resolved ions have a trapped lifetime over 2500 min.
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37.10.Ty Ion trapping
37.10.Rs Ion cooling
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

A modified commercial scanner as an image plate for table-top optical applications

S. Casado-Rojo, H. E. Lorenzana, M. Cáceres, and V. G. Baonza

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3065027 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 January 2009

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A reliable, accurate, and inexpensive optical detector for table-top applications is described here. Based on a commercial high resolution office scanner coupled to a projection plate, the detector offers a large image plate surface, allowing recording of sizeable images without systematic errors associated with coupling optics aberrations. Several tests on distance-dependent and steady interference patterns are presented and discussed. The extension to other types of optical measurements by substituting the projection plate is proposed.
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42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
42.15.Fr Aberrations
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
07.60.Ly Interferometers

Advanced intensity correlation method for evaluating Poisson’s ratio of fiberlike material

Zhenxing Hu, Huimin Xie, Tao Hua, and Zhaoyang Wang

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3073966 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 27 January 2009

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An advanced intensity correlation method for evaluating Poisson’s ratio of fiberlike materials is presented. The method is based on wave diffraction theory and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. With the new method, the transverse strain of the fiberlike specimen under stretch can be conveniently and accurately determined by fitting the DIC-measured deformation distributions as a straight line following the theoretical diffraction model. The validity and flexibility of the method have been verified by numerical simulations and an experiment. The method can be readily extended to the characterizations of many fiberlike materials.
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81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis
42.30.Va Image forming and processing
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.dj Poisson's ratio
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
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Conceptual design of International Linear Collider damping ring wiggler based on a hybrid technology

Alexei V. Smirnov

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013301 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3039414 (10 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 January 2009

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A magnetic design of a failure-free damping ring wiggler with 100% duty factor, 55.6 mm gap, and field exceeding 1.6 T is proposed. The insertion device is based on permanent magnets and specially shimmed poles that capable to meet the requirements of the International Linear Collider (ILC) damping rings (including positron one), with field quality and gap comparable to that projected for ILC using superconducting wiggler. Performance improvement of the modified hybrid design is attained due to yoke reduction down to six separated strips and maximized packaging of the midgrade (or high-grade) parallelepiped magnet blocks surrounding the Permendur poles. Economical efficiency is demonstrated on the base of calculated amount of magnetic material. A cryogenic variant of the hybrid design may certainly provide good sustainability to harsh radiation environment and further enhancement of the design efficiency within the state of the art.
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29.20.Ej Linear accelerators
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators
85.25.-j Superconducting devices

rf streak camera based ultrafast relativistic electron diffraction

P. Musumeci, J. T. Moody, C. M. Scoby, M. S. Gutierrez, and T. Tran

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013302 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3072883 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 23 January 2009

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We theoretically and experimentally investigate the possibility of using a rf streak camera to time resolve in a single shot structural changes at the sub-100 fs time scale via relativistic electron diffraction. We experimentally tested this novel concept at the UCLA Pegasus rf photoinjector. Time-resolved diffraction patterns from thin Al foil are recorded. Averaging over 50 shots is required in order to get statistics sufficient to uncover a variation in time of the diffraction patterns. In the absence of an external pump laser, this is explained as due to the energy chirp on the beam out of the electron gun. With further improvements to the electron source, rf streak camera based ultrafast electron diffraction has the potential to yield truly single shot measurements of ultrafast processes.
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61.05.cp X-ray diffraction
07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)

Influence of the electron cyclotron resonance plasma confinement on reducing the bremsstrahlung production of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source with metal-dielectric structures

L. Schachter, K. E. Stiebing, and S. Dobrescu

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013303 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3070653 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 23 January 2009

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The influence of metal-dielectric (MD) layers (MD structures) inserted into the plasma chamber of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) onto the production of electron bremsstrahlung radiation has been studied in a series of dedicated experiments at the 14 GHz ECRIS of the Institut für Kernphysik der Universität Frankfurt. The IKF-ECRIS was equipped with a MD liner, covering the inner walls of the plasma chamber, and a MD electrode, covering the plasma-facing side of the extraction electrode. On the basis of similar extracted currents of highly charged ions, significantly reduced yields of bremsstrahlung radiation for the “MD source” as compared to the standard (stainless steel) source have been measured and can be explained by the significantly better plasma confinement in a MD source as compared to an “all stainless steel” ECRIS.
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52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium
52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.50.-b Plasma production and heating
52.25.Mq Dielectric properties
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Experimental system to evaluate the effective diffusion coefficient of radon

Masahiro Hosoda, Shinji Tokonami, Atsuyuki Sorimachi, Miroslaw Janik, Tetsuo Ishikawa, Yoshinori Yatabe, Junya Yamada, and Shigeo Uchida

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013501 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3049379 (5 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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The effective diffusion coefficient of radon is a very important factor in estimating the rate of radon exhalation from the ground surface. In this study, we developed an experimental system that overcomes technical problems in previous studies to accurately evaluate the effective diffusion coefficient. The radon source used for this system was the National Institute of Radiological Sciences radon chamber. This chamber is a calibrated international standard facility that can produce stable radon concentrations for long periods of time. Our tests showed that leakage of radon from the system was negligible. After the leakage test, we evaluated the effective diffusion coefficient in free-space and in dry porous materials at porosities of 35% and 45%. To ensure that the porous material in the column was as homogeneous as possible, we filled the column with an artificial soil with controlled grain size and grain composition. The measured values and theoretical calculations agreed well, which indicate that the proposed system can be used to accurately and quickly evaluate the effective diffusion coefficient.
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66.30.-h Diffusion in solids

Three point method to characterize low-pressure electronegative discharges using electrostatic probe

S. Y. Kang, T. H. Chung, and K.-S. Chung

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013502 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3065089 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 January 2009

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Electrostatic probe measurements for low-pressure inductively coupled SF6 plasmas are performed. From the current-voltage (I-V) curves of probe, the saturation currents of the positive ions and electrons and the electron temperature are measured. The electronegativity and the negative ion density are deduced by using the ratios of these parameters at three adjacent pressure points. The positive ion density is calculated by the orbital-motion-limited theory, and the electron temperatures are given either by the slope of the I-V curves or by the electron energy distribution function with the second derivative of I-V curves. The variations in the charged species density with pressure and power are investigated.
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52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
52.80.-s Electric discharges
52.25.-b Plasma properties

Runaway electron energy measurement using hard x-ray spectroscopy in “Damavand” tokamak

C. Rasouli, D. Iraji, A. H. Farahbod, K. Akhtari, H. Rasouli, H. Modarresi, and M. Lamehi

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013503 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3064917 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 January 2009

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Set of experiments has been developed to study existing runaway electrons in “Damavand” tokamak plasma upon characteristics of hard x-ray emissions produced by collision of the runaway electrons with the plasma particles and limiters. As a first step, spatial distribution of hard x-ray emissions on the equatorial plane of the torus was considered. Obtained spectra of hard x-ray emissions for different alignments of shielded detector indicate isotropic emissivity in the equatorial plane. This is in agreement with wide angle cone of bremsstrahlung radiations, deduced from the mean value of energy of the runaway electrons. The mean energy was calculated from the slope of the energy spectrum of hard x-ray photons. In the second stage in order to investigate time evolution of energy of the runaway electrons, similar technique were applied to obtain hard x-ray energy in every 3 ms intervals, from the beginning to the end of plasma. The mean energy of the runaway electrons increases during the ramp up phase and reaches its maximum between 3 and 9 ms after plasma formation. Also considering the time dependence of the counted photons in each energy range shows that energetic photons are emitted during the ramp up phase of the plasma current in Damavand tokamak.
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52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks

Real-time feedback control of millimeter-wave polarization for LHD

F. Felici, T. Goodman, O. Sauter, T. Shimozuma, S. Ito, Y. Mizuno, S. Kubo, and T. Mutoh

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013504 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3073735 (6 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 January 2009

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Electron cyclotron heating (ECH) is widely used in magnetic fusion devices, and the polarization of the injected millimeter-wave beams plays a crucial role in the propagation and absorption of the beam energy by the plasma. This polarization can be adjusted by grating mirror polarizers placed in the transmission lines which carry the microwaves from the power source to the plasma. In long-pulse devices such as the Large Helical Device (LHD) and ITER, it is desirable to track changes in the plasma and adjust the polarization of the ECH in real time such as to keep the absorption as high as possible and avoid shine-through which may lead to overheating of vessel components. For this purpose a real-time feedback control scheme is envisioned in which a measure of the absorption efficiency can be used to adjust the orientation of the polarizing mirrors toward an optimum. Such a setup has been tested in a low-power test stand as preparation for future implementation in the LHD ECH system. It is shown that a simple search algorithm is efficient and can in principle be used to control either the absorption efficiency or the linear polarization angle.
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52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.50.-b Plasma production and heating
52.50.Sw Plasma heating by microwaves; ECR, LH, collisional heating
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Fourier-transform resonance shear measurement for studying confined liquids

Hiroshi Sakuma and Kazue Kurihara

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013701 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3062862 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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The resonance shear measurement we recently developed is an efficient tool for investigating the rheological and tribological properties of liquid nanofilms confined between solid surfaces with varying film thicknesses. However, the previously employed resonance shear measurement measured shear responses at various oscillation frequencies for one film thickness (the frequency scanning method), so it required at least several minutes to obtain a reliable resonance curve. The fast Fourier-transform resonance shear method was developed to rapidly acquire the resonance curves. The obtained curves were very similar to those obtained by the frequency scanning method. The time necessary for the FFT method was 2–10 s, much shorter than the time required for the scanning method. This technique is easy to use and extends the applicability of the method to volatile liquids and unstable samples.
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47.57.Qk Rheological aspects
62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
68.15.+e Liquid thin films

Model-free iterative control of repetitive dynamics for high-speed scanning in atomic force microscopy

Yang Li and John Bechhoefer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013702 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3065093 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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We introduce an algorithm for calculating, offline or in real time and with no explicit system characterization, the feedforward input required for repetitive motions of a system. The algorithm is based on the secant method of numerical analysis and gives accurate motion at frequencies limited only by the signal-to-noise ratio and the actuator power and range. We illustrate the secant-solver algorithm on a stage used for atomic force microscopy.
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07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes

Design considerations for refractive solid immersion lens: Application to subsurface integrated circuit fault localization using laser induced techniques

S. H. Goh, C. J. R. Sheppard, A. C. T. Quah, C. M. Chua, L. S. Koh, and J. C. H. Phang

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013703 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3070612 (10 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 January 2009

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With fast scaling and advancement of integrated circuit (IC) technology, circuitries have become smaller and denser. New materials and more sophisticated designs have evolved. These changes reduced the effectiveness of conventional laser induced fault localization techniques. Since IC fault localization is the most critical step in failure analysis, there are strong motivations to improve both spatial resolution and sensitivity of such systems to meet the new challenges from advanced technology. Refractive solid immersion lens (RSIL) is well known to enhance the laser spot size which directly affects resolution and sensitivity in back side fault localizations. In practice, it is difficult to operate RSIL at the ideal configurations to obtain the smallest spot resolution. It is necessary to understand the resolution performance at the other design focal planes. Besides resolution, there are also other factors that affect sensitivity in a RSIL enhanced system. This paper identifies and characterizes key RSIL design parameters to optimize RSIL performance on laser induced techniques. We report that the most efficient conditions are achieved close to aplanatic RSIL design to within 20–25 μm (for a 1 mm diameter lens), and the backing objective should be the minimum numerical aperture required for optimum resolution performance. The size of the mechanical clear aperture opening should be large enough (>80%) to exploit the advantage of aplanatic RSIL. RSIL is developed on a laser scanning optical microscope in this work, and a resolution of 0.3 μm (for a wavelength of 1340 nm) was achieved over a range of operating conditions. A quantitative resolution of 0.25 μm is achieved and a pitch structure of 0.4 μm is easily resolvable. Close to 15 times enhancement in laser induced signal is obtained.
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42.82.-m Integrated optics
42.62.-b Laser applications
85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
42.15.Eq Optical system design
07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes

Low-temperature and high magnetic field dynamic scanning capacitance microscope

A. Baumgartner, M. E. Suddards, and C. J. Mellor

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013704 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3069289 (8 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2009

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We demonstrate a dynamic scanning capacitance microscope (DSCM) that operates at large bandwidths, cryogenic temperatures, and high magnetic fields. The setup is based on a noncontact atomic force microscope (AFM) with a quartz tuning fork sensor for the nonoptical excitation and readout in topography, force, and dissipation measurements. The metallic AFM tip forms part of a rf resonator with a transmission characteristics modulated by the sample properties and the tip-sample capacitance. The tip motion gives rise to a modulation of the capacitance at the frequency of the AFM sensor and its harmonics, which can be recorded simultaneously with the AFM data. We use an intuitive model to describe and analyze the resonator transmission and show that for most experimental conditions it is proportional to the complex tip-sample conductance, which depends on both the tip-sample capacitance and the sample resistivity. We demonstrate the performance of the DSCM on metal disks buried under a polymer layer and we discuss images recorded on a two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum Hall effect regime, i.e. at cryogenic temperatures and in high magnetic fields, where we directly image the formation of compressible stripes at the physical edge of the sample.
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07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes

Laser scanning confocal microscope with programmable amplitude, phase, and polarization of the illumination beam

B. R. Boruah and M. A. A. Neil

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013705 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3072663 (8 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 26 January 2009

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We describe the design and construction of a laser scanning confocal microscope with programmable beam forming optics. The amplitude, phase, and polarization of the laser beam used in the microscope can be controlled in real time with the help of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, acting as a computer generated hologram, in conjunction with a polarizing beam splitter and two right angled prisms assembly. Two scan mirrors, comprising an on-axis fast moving scan mirror for line scanning and an off-axis slow moving scan mirror for frame scanning, configured in a way to minimize the movement of the scanned beam over the pupil plane of the microscope objective, form the XY scan unit. The confocal system, that incorporates the programmable beam forming unit and the scan unit, has been implemented to image in both reflected and fluorescence light from the specimen. Efficiency of the system to programmably generate custom defined vector beams has been demonstrated by generating a bottle structured focal volume, which in fact is the overlap of two cross polarized beams, that can simultaneously improve both the lateral and axial resolutions if used as the de-excitation beam in a stimulated emission depletion confocal microscope.
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07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
42.40.My Applications

Multihit two-dimensional charged-particle imaging system with real-time image processing at 1000 frames/s

Takuya Horio and Toshinori Suzuki

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013706 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3062945 (8 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 January 2009

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A high-speed imaging system developed for two-dimensional counting of charged particles is presented. Microchannel plates coupled with a phosphor screen of a short emission lifetime (<1 μs) are used to visualize the two-dimensional positions of charged-particle impacts, and the image on the phosphor screen is captured with a 1 kHz complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (512×512 pixels). A multistage image intensifier consisting of the first and second generation devices was used to compensate for the low sensitivity of CMOS. The centers of gravity (COG) of individual light spots in each image frame are calculated in real time by a field programmable gate array circuit. The performance of this system is tested by time-resolved photoelectron imaging (TR-PEI) of NO using (1+1′) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization via the A 2Σ+ state with a femtosecond laser operated at 1 kHz. The new system enabled COG detection for more than ten particles in each frame at 1 kHz and achieved an extremely high degree of accuracy in the measurement of photoelectron angular distributions in TR-PEI.
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42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
42.30.Va Image forming and processing
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The advanced ion-milling method for preparation of thin film using ion slicer: Application to a sample recovered from diamond-anvil cell

Shigehiko Tateno, Ryosuke Sinmyo, Kei Hirose, and Hideo Nishioka

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013901 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3058760 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 5 January 2009

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The advanced argon ion-milling technique using a new instrument called ion slicer was newly developed for preparation of thin foil. Compared to the conventional ion-milling methods, this technique facilitates very wide area to be homogeneously thinned by rocking the ion beam source with low angle and the specimen during milling. Here we applied this technique to a sample recovered from a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell (DAC). We obtained the thin film of almost entire cross section of the DAC sample along the compression axis, which possesses of ∼ (10×50) μm2. The laser-heated sample is often heterogeneous due to a large temperature gradient. However the chemical analyses are obtained from the whole hot spot under the transmission electron microscope by preparing the thin foil using the ion slicer.
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06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis

Measurement of femtosecond electron pulse length and the temporal broadening due to space charge

Xuan Wang, Shouhua Nie, Hyuk Park, Junjie Li, Rick Clinite, Renkai Li, Xijie Wang, and Jianming Cao

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013902 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3062863 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 15 January 2009

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The temporal width of ultrashort electron pulses as a function of beam intensity was measured on the femtosecond time scale with a customized streak camera. The results show that the temporal profile of an electron pulse is Gaussian at low beam intensity and progressively evolves to a top-hat shape due to space charge broadening as the beam intensity increases. The strong correlation between the pulse width and beam intensity observed in our streaking measurements agrees very well with the mean-field calculation and supports the main conclusion of previous theoretical studies that the space charge broadening plays a determinant role.
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84.47.+w Vacuum tubes

A flyer-impact technique for measuring viscosity of metal under shock compression

Yilei Li, Fusheng Liu, Xiaojuan Ma, Yinglei Li, Ming Yu, Jichun Zhang, and Fuqian Jing

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013903 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3069284 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 January 2009

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A flyer-impact technique, different from the explosive method of [ Sakharov et al., Sov. Phys. Dokl. 9, 1091 (1965) ], is developed to investigate the viscosity of shocked metals. The shock wave with a front of sinusoidal perturbation is induced by the sinusoidal profile of the impact surface of the sample by use of two-stage light-gas gun. The oscillatory damping process of the perturbation amplitude is monitored by electric pins. Two damping curves (perturbation amplitude relative to its initial value versus propagated distance relative to the wavelength of sinusoidal perturbation) of aluminum are determined at 78 and 101 GPa. The effective shear viscosity coefficients are deduced to be about 1300 and 800 Pa s based on the Miller and Ahrens analytic solution for viscous fluid.
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66.20.Ej Studies of viscosity and rheological properties of specific liquids
62.50.Ef Shock wave effects in solids and liquids
47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

High-frequency electron spin resonance system using a microcantilever and a pulsed magnetic field

E. Ohmichi, N. Mizuno, M. Kimata, H. Ohta, and T. Osada

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013904 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3069287 (5 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 January 2009

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A novel technique of high-frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) in a pulsed magnetic field is presented. Our technique is based on the magnetic detection of a magnetization change associated with the ESR absorption using a microcantilever. We successfully observed ESR signals of a microcrystal (mass ∼ 1 μg) in the millimeter-wave region up to 130 GHz in pulsed magnetic fields of up to 2.4 T. This result corresponds to the spin sensitivity of ∼ 1011 spins/G, which is four orders of magnitude better than that of conventional transmission-type ESR techniques.
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76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

An electrical microheater technique for high-pressure and high-temperature diamond anvil cell experiments

S. T. Weir, D. D. Jackson, S. Falabella, G. Samudrala, and Y. K. Vohra

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 013905 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3069286 (6 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 January 2009

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Small electrical heating elements have been lithographically fabricated onto the culets of “designer” diamond anvils for the purpose of performing high-pressure and high-temperature experiments on metals. The thin-film geometry of the heating elements makes them very resistant to plastic deformation during high-pressure loading, and their small cross-sectional area enables them to be electrically heated to very high temperatures with relatively modest currents (≈1 A). The technique also offers excellent control and temporal stability of the sample temperature. Test experiments on gold samples have been performed for pressures up to 21 GPa and temperatures of nearly 2000 K.
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73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
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