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Mar 2007

Volume 78, Issue 3, Articles (03xxxx)

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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 031101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2709758 (20 pages)

Thomas F. Kelly and Michael K. Miller
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Micropatterned silicone elastomer substrates for high resolution analysis of cellular force patterns

Claudia M. Cesa, Norbert Kirchgeßner, Dirk Mayer, Ulrich S. Schwarz, Bernd Hoffmann, and Rudolf Merkel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 034301 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2712870 (10 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2007

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Cellular forces are closely related to many physiological processes, including cell migration, growth, division, and differentiation. Here, we describe newly developed techniques to measure these forces with high spatial resolution. Our approach is based on ultrasoft silicone elastomer films with a regular microstructure molded into the surface. Mechanical forces applied by living cells to such films result in elastomer deformation which can be quantified by video microscopy and digital image processing. From this deformation field forces can be calculated. Here we give detailed accounts of the following issues: (1) the preparation of silicon wafers as molds for the microstructures, (2) the fabrication of microstructured elastomer substrates, (3) the in-depth characterization of the mechanical properties of these elastomers, (4) the image processing algorithms for the extraction of cellular deformation fields, and (5) the generalized first moment tensor as a robust mathematical tool to characterize whole cell activity. We present prototype experiments on living myocytes as well as on cardiac fibroblasts and discuss the characteristics and performance of our force measurement technique.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.17.-d Cell processes
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity

Motion analysis of grip and release with fingers using simple magnetic detection system

Akihiko Kandori, Tsuyoshi Miyashita, Noboru Hosono, Masaru Yokoe, Kuniomi Ogata, Kazuo Abe, and Saburo Sakoda

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 034302 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2712915 (6 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2007

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We have developed a magnetic grip-and-release motion detection system to measure time differences among fingers during motion. We designed a magnetic sensing system consisting of a magnetic oscillation coil, sensing coil, and circuit unit. We measured wave forms of grip-and-release motion (15 s) of seven healthy volunteers using the system. To provide the grip-and-release timing of each finger, we used the reference voltage of each subject in the state of grasping a rod with a 30 mm diameter. Using the reference voltage, the time differences in the finger movements of all volunteers were detected. The detected grip-and-release time difference of both dominant and nondominant hands had a main tendency in which the closing movement of the little finger is fast, within 10 ms, and the opening movement is slow, within 13 ms. Our data suggest that the new magnetic sensing system has the potential to detect the quantitative value of the time difference in grip-and-release motion among fingers.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.19.rs Movement
87.19.ru Locomotion
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
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