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Review of Scientific Instruments / Volume 78 / Issue 2 / INVITED REVIEW ARTICLE

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 021101 (2007); doi:10.1063/1.2437069 (25 pages)

Remote transfer of ultrastable frequency references via fiber networks

Seth M. Foreman, Kevin W. Holman, Darren D. Hudson, David J. Jones, and Jun Ye

JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309

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(Received 20 June 2006; accepted 26 November 2006; published online 28 February 2007)

Three distinct techniques exist for distributing an ultrastable frequency reference over optical fibers. For the distribution of a microwave frequency reference, an amplitude-modulated continuous wave (cw) laser can be used. Over kilometer-scale lengths this approach provides an instability at 1 s of ∼ 3×10−14 without stabilization of the fiber-induced noise and ∼ 1×10−14 with active noise cancellation. An optical frequency reference can be transferred by directly transmitting a stabilized cw laser over fiber and then disseminated to other optical and microwave regions using an optical frequency comb. This provides an instability at 1 s of 2×10−14 without active noise cancellation and 3×10−15 with active noise cancellation [Recent results reduce the instability at 1 s to 6×10−18.] Finally, microwave and optical frequency references can be simultaneously transmitted using an optical frequency comb, and we expect the optical transfer to be similar in performance to the cw optical frequency transfer. The instability at 1 s for transfer of a microwave frequency reference with the comb is ∼ 3×10−14 without active noise cancellation and <7×10−15 with active stabilization. The comb can also distribute a microwave frequency reference with root-mean-square timing jitter below 16 fs integrated over the Nyquist bandwidth of the pulse train ( ∼ 50 MHz) when high-bandwidth active noise cancellation is employed, which is important for remote synchronization applications.

© 2007 American Institute of Physics

Article Outline

  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY STABILITY AND PHASE NOISE
    1. Allan deviation
    2. Phase noise and timing jitter
    3. Fundamental and technical limitations
    4. Optical techniques for phase detection
  3. PRINCIPLES OF CANCELLATION OF FIBER-INDUCED PHASE NOISE
    1. Round-trip phase detection
    2. Noise processes, bandwidth, and dynamic range
    3. Experimental schemes for frequency transfer
  4. MICROWAVE FREQUENCY TRANSFER WITH MODULATED cw LASER
    1. Passive transfer technique
    2. Application to precision spectroscopy
    3. Active cancellation of the fiber-link-induced group-delay noise
  5. OPTICAL CARRIER TRANSFER
    1. Fiber-optical phase noise cancellation
    2. Remote comparison of two optical frequencies
  6. TRANSFER WITH FREQUENCY COMB
    1. Stabilization of frequency comb
    2. Passive microwave transfer: Effect of fiber dispersion
    3. Active noise cancellation using group delay
    4. Remote synchronization of ultrafast lasers
    5. All-optical detection of synchronization error signal
    6. Future work and considerations
  7. SUMMARY

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KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords

optical fibres, microwave photonics, optical noise, frequency standards, timing jitter

PACS

ARTICLE DATA

Permalink
http://link.aip.org/link/doi/10.1063/1.2437069

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN:

0034-6748 (print)  
1089-7623 (online)

Publisher:

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef American Institute of Physics

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