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Jun 1999

Volume 70, Issue 6, pp. 2567-2883

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Introduction to time and frequency metrology

Judah Levine

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 2567 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149844 (30 pages) | Cited 19 times

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In this article, I will review the definition of time and time interval, and I will describe some of the devices that are used to realize these definitions. I will then introduce the principles of time and frequency metrology, including a discussion of some of the types of measurement hardware in common use and the statistical machinery that is used to analyze these data. I will also introduce various techniques of distributing time and frequency information, with special emphasis on the global positioning system satellites. I will then discuss the advantages of clock ensembles and a prototype time-scale algorithm. I will conclude with a discussion of how clocks are synchronized to remote servers using noisy and poorly characterized transmission channels.
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06.30.Ft Time and frequency
06.20.F- Units and standards
05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators
84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication satellites
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