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Dec 1991

Volume 62, Issue 12, pp. 2857-3117

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Millimeter‐wave phase‐imaging interferometer for the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror

K. Hattori, A. Mase, A. Itakura, M. Inutake, S. Miyoshi, K. Uehara, T. Yonekura, H. Nishimura, K. Miyashita, and K. Mizuno

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2857 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142172 (5 pages) | Cited 11 times

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A millimeter‐wave phase‐imaging interferometer has been developed for the study of density profiles of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. The interferometer uses a 70‐GHz klystron oscillator and a quasi‐optical transmission system. The probe beam is expanded so as to fill an orthogonal view of a plasma cross section. The view is imaged onto a detector array. The detector array consists of beam‐lead GaAs Schottky barrier diodes bonded to antennas fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a fused‐quartz substrate. Two types of antennas, bow‐tie and Yagi–Uda antennas have been used in order to provide an effective matching to millimeter‐wave beams, and compared for the performance of an imaging system. The interferometers have been applied to the central‐cell and plug‐cell plasmas of GAMMA 10.
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07.60.Ly Interferometers
52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium

Characterization of two‐gated microchannel plate framing cameras

B. H. Failor, D. F. Gorzen, C. J. Armentrout, and G. E. Busch

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2862 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142173 (9 pages) | Cited 7 times

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The overall performance of both a single‐ and a double‐microchannel plate framing camera were measured. In the case of the double‐plated device, only the front plate was gated. A short‐pulse, 20‐ps full width half‐maximum (FWHM), uv laser was used to create photoelectrons on a time scale rapid compared to the temporal variation of the high‐voltage gate pulse (965 V peak amplitude and 270 ps FWHM). Measurements were made of the variation in the light output pulse amplitude (8%–24%), width (85–115 ps), and peak location (±22 ps), the latter corresponding to a temporal jitter. It was found that when a dc bias was applied to the plate (in addition to the high‐voltage pulse) the output signal increased as the dc bias to the 13 and 5.2 powers, below and above a bias of 450 V, respectively, and a factor of 20 difference in signal between the single‐ and double‐plate cameras. It was also determined that the rejection ratio drops from 500 to 1300 at a bias value of 450 V to 125–190 at 650 V.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors

On the possibility of neutron spectrometry for determination of fuel ion densities in DT plasmas

J. Källne, P. Batistoni, and G. Gorini

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2871 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142174 (4 pages) | Cited 12 times

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The fuel density (given by nd+nt and nd/nt) is one of the important parameters to determine and control in burning DT plasmas. Here, we propose that nd and nt be deduced from data on the dd and dt neutron energy distributions to be recorded with a neutron spectrometer having energy selective response to the plasma neutron flux. The potential diagnostic capabilities of the magnetic proton recoil spectrometer system are tested for the measuring conditions to be presented by the next step tokamaks such as ITER.
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52.70.Nc Particle measurements
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers

Design, construction, and properties of the large plasma research device−The LAPD at UCLA

W. Gekelman, H. Pfister, Z. Lucky, J. Bamber, D. Leneman, and J. Maggs

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2875 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142175 (9 pages) | Cited 142 times

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The large plasma research device (LAPD), a large, linear plasma research device designed to study space plasma processes, has been constructed at UCLA over the past four years. The LAPD has a 0.5×0.5 m2 oxide‐coated cathode as a source which produces a 10‐m‐long plasma column with densities up to the mid 1012/cm3 range. The linear machine is surrounded by a set of 68 magnet coils which can generate an axial magnetic field of up to 3000 G. The vacuum chamber has 128 radial ports to ensure excellent access for probes and antennas. An internal probe drive capable of moving a set of probes to any position within the plasma column is described in a companion paper. This machine is a scientific instrument in its own right and was designed to be versatile enough to study a large variety of phenomena. The techniques employed in the design and construction are sufficiently useful to be discussed here so that others can benefit from our experience.
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52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation

A fully three‐dimensional‐movable, 10‐m‐long, remotely controllable probe drive for a plasma discharge device

H. Pfister, W. Gekelman, J. Bamber, D. Leneman, and Z. Lucky

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2884 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142176 (6 pages) | Cited 8 times

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A unique, fully three‐dimensional‐movable, 10‐m‐long, remotely controllable probe drive, internal to a high vacuum system, is described. Details of its design and constructional considerations take into account the hostile environment of a magnetized plasma (p = 8 × 10−8 Torr, T=250 °C, and B=3000 G).
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52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
52.50.Dg Plasma sources

Plasma cathode oxygen‐ion source

Takehisa Shibuya

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2890 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142177 (5 pages)

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A plasma cathode ion source has been developed to attain a long lifetime in oxygen‐ion production. In this ion source, a plasma of a nonreactive gas serves as a cathode in place of a thermionic tungsten hot cathode used in the conventional Kaufman ion source. An anode ring with an annular slit mounted on the top of the ion source contributes to raising spatial uniformity in the ion current density. At 15 cm from the top of the ion source, a current density of 680 μA/cm2 was obtained with a value of 0.85 for the uniformity (defined as the ratio of the lowest density to the highest) in an area of 15 cm diameter. Mass spectrometry results show that considerable amounts of O+ and O2+ ions, especially of O+ ions, as well as Ar+ ions, are contained in ion beams produced by this source. In an oxygen‐ion production test, the ion source could continuously be operated for 61 h. It was confirmed that the ion energy distribution in the beam can be well controlled by the anode ring voltage. In an experiment of oxygen‐ion‐assisted deposition performed with this ion source, a film having a stoichiometric composition very close to SiO2 was successfully produced from a starting material of SiO.
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07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams
52.50.Dg Plasma sources

A segmented concentric Faraday cup for measurement of time‐dependent relativistic electron beam profiles

T. A. Peyser, J. A. Antoniades, M. C. Myers, M. Lampe, R. E. Pechacek, D. P. Murphy, and R. A. Meger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2895 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142178 (9 pages) | Cited 3 times

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A multi‐element segmented concentric Faraday collector has been developed for measuring the time evolution of the beam half‐current radius (a1/2) of an intense relativistic electron beam. Each collector segment measures the total current within its radius. The data analysis procedure fits the data from all five segments at a given time to a prescribed beam profile and calculates a1/2 from the parameters of the fitted curves. The effect of beam centroid offsets on the data analysis was investigated numerically. Beam centroid offsets as large as half the beam radius produce only a 10% error in the experimental measurement of a1/2. The use of a thin graphite overlayer followed by range‐thick stainless steel reduces scattering from one collector element to the next. The instrument has been used extensively on the SuperIBEX relativistic electron beam accelerator for measurement of the half‐current radius as a function of time. Radius variations in excess of 4:1 have been measured over the duration of the beam pulse for beams with 5‐MeV energy, 20‐kA peak current and 1‐cm final half‐current radii.
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07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams

Measurements of the length of intense electron bunches using a capacitive probe and a 20‐GHz sampling oscilloscope

A. F. G. Van der Meer, R. J. Bakker, C. A. J. Van der Geer, and P. W. Van Amersfoort

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2904 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142179 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

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Measurements of the longitudinal profile of intense electron bunches with an energy of 100 keV, using a button monitor and a 20‐GHz sampling oscilloscope, are presented in this paper. At this energy, which is intermediate between nonrelativistic and relativistic, the button response is quite different from the response in either of the two extreme cases. An analytical model of the response is presented. The resolution derived from this model is 80 ps at 100‐keV beam energy. For more relativistic beams, a resolution of about 40 ps appears to be feasible. Great care has to be taken in avoiding resonances.
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41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors

Pulse shaping a high‐current relativistic electron beam in vacuum

J. D. Miller, K. T. Nguyen, R. F. Schneider, K. W. Struve, and D. J. Weidman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2910 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142180 (6 pages) | Cited 3 times

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A simple method for shaping the output current pulse of a relativistic electron beam in vacuum is presented. This method has been employed to sharpen the rise time of a high‐current relativistic electron beam produced by a 2‐MV, 7‐kA, 20‐ns pulser. The beam has a pulse shape that is approximately triangular both in voltage and current, with a negligible instantaneous energy spread. The desired pulse shape is nominally rectangular in current. The technique utilizes a magnetic lens with a magnitude of approximately 1.5 kG to focus the beam. Passing beam electrons through the magnetic lens causes them to focus at different axial locations downstream from the lens depending upon their energy. The focal point of the beam current peak (corresponding to maximum energy) is then located furthest downstream. An aperture is used near the focus to select a portion of the beam having the desired parameters.
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41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors

High‐power pulse‐burst generation by magnetically segmented transmission lines

H. Ikezi, J. S. de Grassie, Y. R. Lin‐Liu, and J. Drake

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2916 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142181 (7 pages)

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We present a new technique to generate a high‐power pulse burst with a repetition rate of greater than 107 pulses per second. The circuit consists of transmission lines segmented by saturable inductors or ferrite‐filled coaxial cables in which an electromagnetic shock wave is driven. Small scale experiments have demonstrated that a burst of ten pulses can be easily generated.
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84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators

Simple sub‐50‐ps rise‐time high voltage generator

M. M. Kekez

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2923 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142182 (8 pages) | Cited 8 times

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This article relates to the development of an ultrafast (nanoseconds–picoseconds time scale) compact system(s) readily applicable to the field of EMP/radiation, x‐ray‐induced nondestructive testing, plasma fusion (energy) experiments, bioelectromagnetic (food‐drug) sterilization, drivers for x‐ray preionized XeCl laser and similar applications. The present work shows that the Marx and the Pulse forming section can be integrated into a single unit. The stray capacitance present in each stage acts as a peaking capacitor. For a charging voltage per stage of <40 kV, the rise time of the output pulse is below 50 ps at 200 kV into a 100‐Ω load. Work is in progress to extend the voltage amplitude to 1.6 MV while maintaining the relative pulse waveform. With a contemporary optical diagnostic technique it is believed that the present concept may achieve 1–10 ps rise‐time pulses at a megavolt level in ‘‘smart gas mixtures.’’ In addition a solution for the classical peaking circuit has been obtained and presented in the Appendix.
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84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
52.70.La X-ray and γ-ray measurements

A flat array large telescope concept for use on the moon, earth, and in space

Bruce E. Woodgate

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2931 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142521 (5 pages)

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An astronomical optical telescope concept is described which can provide very large collecting areas, of order 1000 m2. This is an order of magnitude larger than the new generation of telescopes now being designed and built. Multiple gimballed flat mirrors direct the beams from a celestial source into a single telescope of the same aperture as each flat mirror. Multiple images of the same source are formed at the telescope focal plane. A beam combiner collects these images and superimposes them into a single image, onto a detector or spectrograph aperture. This telescope could be used on the earth, the moon, or in space.
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95.55.Cs Ground-based ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes
95.55.Fw Space-based ultraviolet, optical, and infrared telescopes

Two‐frequency dye laser with accurately controllable frequency difference

V. A. Handerek, S. U. Ahmed, and A. J. Rogers

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2936 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142183 (4 pages)

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A modification carried out inside a dye laser cavity in order to obtain simultaneous oscillation at two frequencies is described. The frequency difference is accurately tunable from zero to beyond 200 GHz and the system places no restriction on the operating wavelength (which is determined by the type of dye used).  
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42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Mv Dye lasers

A new scheme for lidar Doppler detection on the intermediate frequency at increased laser instability

D. V. Stoyanov, B. M. Bratanov, and M. D. Angelova

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2940 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142184 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

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A new scheme for Doppler lidar detection by frequency shifted tracking of the reference frequency is described. The main advantages of the scheme are wide tolerable range of the laser instabilities (in principle more than 100 MHz), easy wideband tuning of the tracking frequency, one analog output by A/D converter with a sampling rate of only several times higher then the maximum expected Doppler frequency. It is shown how to account for the chirp history. The use of frequency synthesis for Doppler detection in wide frequency band of laser instabilities is considered.
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42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems

A VISAR with a multireflection étalon and its application in interior ballistics research

Shengyou Wang, Caizhi Cao, and Jiangzheng Sun

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2944 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142185 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

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A VISAR (velocity interferometer system for any reflector) with a new type delay leg is described, which uses multireflection in the étalon for increasing the delay time τ. When the incident angle is changed, the sensitivity of the VISAR can be changed. A few step values of the sensitivities can be selected for different applications. Experimental results for measuring the bullet’s motion in the 7.62‐mm gun are presented.
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07.60.Ly Interferometers
42.79.Dj Gratings
42.15.Eq Optical system design

Using a fast lens to collect the signal in a VISAR system

William C. Sweatt and O. B. Crump

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2946 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142186 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

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VISAR (velocity interferometer system for any reflector) systems are used to measure the Doppler shift of a backscattered laser beam incident on a target, from whence the target’s velocity can be calculated. In the past, slow lenses (F/4 or slower) have been used to collect the scattered light. As a result, the relationship between the velocity and the Doppler shift was precisely known, but in many applications a multiwatt laser was required to give an adequate signal. We are using faster lenses and lower‐powered lasers. A faster lens will collect more power and a wider spectrum of Doppler‐shifted signal. The average Doppler shift is reduced slightly because of the larger range of signal‐collecting angles, but it is essentially a linear function of velocity. The wider Doppler spectrum also reduces the fringe contrast slightly, but it is only significant for very fast lenses and large numbers of fringes.
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07.60.Ly Interferometers
06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
42.15.Eq Optical system design

Measurement of refractive indices of fibers with regular or irregular transverse sections and having a skin‐core structure

M. A. Kabeel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2950 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142187 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

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Multiple‐beam Fizeau fringes crossing fibers of different cross‐sectional shapes and having a skin‐core structure are studied to determine the refractive indices of the two layers. These fibers are of circular, rectangular, triangular, trilobal, elliptical, kidney, and dog‐bone cross‐sectional shapes. The area enclosed under the fringe shift is considered to represent the optical path difference integrated across the fiber. This method is suitable for the measurement of refractive indices of fibers of regular or irregular transverse sections. This method is applied to nylon 6 fibers.  
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42.81.Cn Fiber testing and measurement of fiber parameters
07.60.Ly Interferometers

Universal stress generating device for investigations of transmission properties of optical fibers under mechanical perturbations

Roland Wisniewski and Wojtek J. Bock

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2955 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142188 (4 pages)

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A universal apparatus is presented, designed to precisely generate a controlled state of mechanical stress upon any kind of optical fiber waveguide. With only minor procedural modifications, hydrostatic or radial pressure (up to about 300 MPa) can be generated, as well as an axial elongation up to 2000 microstrain and a twist up to about 50 full turns. A combination of any two of these types of stresses, such as twist under hydrostatic pressure, can also be generated to satisfy a specific need for a particular experiment. The apparatus provides a unique possibility to experimentally investigate several nontrivial effects associated with propagation of light through a waveguide remaining under a controlled stress environment. An example of such an application related to polarization coupling in highly birefringent fibers is also discussed.
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42.81.Cn Fiber testing and measurement of fiber parameters
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects

Fiber‐optic detection system for capillary waves: An apparatus for studying liquid surfaces and spread monolayers

T. M. Bohanon, J. M. Mikrut, B. M. Abraham, J. B. Ketterson, and P. Dutta

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2959 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142189 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

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Generating capillary waves with an alternating electric field gradient is a noncontact way to study the mechanical properties of monolayers. By studying capillary waves the surface tension can be calculated. In addition, the surface elasticity can be deduced and film inhomogeneity can be determined. We have incorporated a fiber‐optic detection system into a capillary wave apparatus. This makes the apparatus more compact, movable, versatile, and easier to use than detection systems currently in use.
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68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices

A fiber‐optic probe for particle sizing in concentrated suspensions

Harbans S. Dhadwal, Rafat R. Ansari, and William V. Meyer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2963 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142190 (6 pages) | Cited 22 times

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A fiber‐optic probe employing two monomode optical fibers, one for transmitting a Gaussian laser beam to the scattering volume and the second, positioned at some backscatter angle, for receiving the scattered light is described. Performance and suitability of the system for a process control environment is assessed by studying a suspension of polystyrene latex particles over a wide range of sizes and concentrations. The results show that the probe is ideal for a process control environment in industrial and laboratory applications. Particle size is recovered, without any additional corrections for multiple light scattering, in concentrations containing up to 10% solids of 39‐nm polystyrene latex spheres.
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42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering

Electron paramagnetic resonance Q‐band bridge with GaAs field‐effect transistor signal amplifier and low‐noise Gunn diode oscillator

James S. Hyde, M. E. Newton, Robert A. Strangeway, Theodore G. Camenisch, and W. Froncisz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2969 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142191 (7 pages) | Cited 11 times

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A Varian Q‐band E‐110 microwave bridge for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been modified by addition of a low‐phase noise Gunn diode oscillator of our own design, a low‐noise GaAs field‐effect transistor microwave signal amplifier, and a balanced mixer requiring high input power (10 mW) at the local oscillator port. The oscillator has previously been found to have −129 dBc/Hz phase noise, 22 dB lower than for the original klystron. Noise measurements indicate that the microwave amplifier and mixer reduce the overall receiver noise figure by 24.6 dB, a very significant improvement. It is shown that reduction of both phase noise and receiver noise are required in order to achieve full improvement in signal‐to‐noise ratio over the full range of available microwave power. Spectra of 1.6×10−6 M 15N‐perdeutero TEMPONE (1‐oxyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidone) and of 10−6 M Mn2+ are shown in order to demonstrate sensitivity.
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84.40.Dc Microwave circuits
84.30.Le Amplifiers
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation

An ultrahigh vacuum goniometer system equipped with a Si(Li) array detector for soft x‐ray standing‐wave experiments

Satoshi Maeyama, Tomoaki Kawamura, and Masaharu Oshima

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2976 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142192 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

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An ultrahigh vacuum compatible goniometer system has been developed for use in angle‐scan standing‐wave experiments in a soft x‐ray region. This system uses a horizontal two‐axis (theta and two‐theta) goniometer for the x‐ray diffractometer. The theta axle used for sample rotations is inserted into the vacuum chamber through a differentially pumped rotary feedthrough and is driven by a stepping motor. To detect x‐ray fluorescence excited by x‐ray standing waves, a three‐element linear‐array Si(Li) detector is equipped for this system. SKα fluorescence angular yield from monolayer‐order sulfur atoms on a GaAs(111) surface could be measured for the first time by the angle‐scan standing‐wave experiment. This result demonstrates that this goniometer system can be used for angle‐scan standing‐wave experiments in the soft x‐ray region.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
61.05.cf X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.05.cj X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods

A new device for energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence

Walter Swoboda, Birgit Kanngiesser, Burkhard Beckhoff, Klaus Begemann, Hermann Neuhaus, and Jens Scheer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2980 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142193 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

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A new measuring chamber for energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence is presented, which allows excitation of the sample by three (commonly applied) modes: secondary target excitation, Barkla scattering, and Bragg reflection. In spite of the short distances required to obtain high intensities, the transmission of the radiator through the bulk matter of the chamber wall and the collimators could be kept negligibly small. In the case of Bragg reflection, the adjustment of all degrees of freedom of the crystal is performed independently and reproducibly under vacuum conditions. The device allows the choice of excitation mode optimized for the respective analytical problem. An experimental test using an environmental specimen shows the detection limits obtainable.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
78.70.En X-ray emission spectra and fluorescence

Accurate control of evaporated multilayer thicknesses by a standard quartz monitoring system

C. Dufour and G. Marchal

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2984 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142512 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

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Multilayers were obtained by evaporation from two electron gun crucibles. The thicknesses and the evaporation rates were controlled by standard quartz monitoring systems (QMS). A method to resolve the problems of the instability and of the lack of resolution of the instrument by smoothing the information provided by the QMS is presented. With this method, the quality of the multilayers’ periodicity is improved. Si/Ge nanoscale multilayers with an accuracy of ±0.5 Å on the individual thicknesses were obtained.
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81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
07.60.-j Optical instruments and equipment

A ceramic‐type diamond anvil cell for optical measurements at high pressure in pulsed high magnetic fields

K. Yamamoto, S. Endo, A. Yamagishi, H. Mikami, H. Hori, and M. Date

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2988 (1991); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142143 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

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A diamond anvil cell made of stabilized zirconia ceramic for high‐pressure experiments under a pulsed high magnetic field is described. As an application, the magneto‐optical spectra of ruby have been obtained at 77 K up to 7 GPa and 33 T, showing the Zeeman splitting of the fluorescent lines, R1 and R2.
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07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
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