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Jan 1987

Volume 58, Issue 1, pp. 1-149

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Ion source with plasma cathode

Eiji Yabe

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 1 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139559 (5 pages) | Cited 12 times

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A long lifetime ion source with plasma cathode has been developed for use in ion implantation. In this ion source, a plasma of a nonreactive working gas serves as a cathode in place of a thermionic tungsten filament used in the Freeman ion source. In an applied magnetic field, the plasma is convergent, i.e., filamentlike; in zero magnetic field, it turns divergent and spraylike. In the latter case, the plasma exhibits a remarkable ability when the working gas has an ionization potential larger than the feed gas. By any combination of a working gas of either argon or neon and a feed gas of AsF5 or PF5, the lifetime of this ion source was found to be more than 90 h with an extraction voltage of 40 kV and the corresponding ion current density 20 mA/cm2. Mass spectrometry results show that this ion source has an ability of generating a considerable amount of As+ and P+ ions from AsF5 and PF5, and hence will be useful for realizing a fully cryopumped ion implanter system. This ion source is also eminently suitable for use in oxygen ion production.
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52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes
29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas

Magnetized double‐plasma device for wave studies

T. Pierre, G. Leclert, and F. Braun

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 6 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139516 (6 pages) | Cited 24 times

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The characteristics of the magnetized plasma obtained in a modified double‐plasma device are presented. Primary ionizing electrons are produced by filament discharges in multipole devices located on either end of a magnetized plasma column. A very uniform magnetized plasma is produced in the column with a relatively small number of filaments by using coils to counterbalance the fringing field near the filaments. The obtained plasma is well suited for a large variety of wave experiments. The noise is maintained at a low level and the afterglow measurements reveal a very efficient confinement of the ionizing electrons, with a decay time of 0.2 ms.
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52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
52.25.-b Plasma properties
52.35.-g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasmas and intense beams

Reconstruction of plasma radiation features from projections measured with two bolometer arrays

J. Schivell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 12 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139557 (5 pages) | Cited 6 times

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A specialized method has been developed to maximize the two‐dimensional detail obtained from two perpendicular bolometer arrays. The technique relies on the assumption that poloidal variation exists only near the plasma surface. The cross section is divided into appropriate zones and the emittance is reconstructed by a numerical method. The position, intensity, and width of large features are clearly displayed. A marfe is tracked as it drifts around the plasma and evolves into a radiating shell detached from the limiter. A central peak, plus inner‐wall radiating layer, plus a marfe appear in a high‐density case reached by pellet injection.
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52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.25.-b Plasma properties

Plasma‐materials interactions test facility

Taner Uckan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 17 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139558 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

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The Plasma‐Materials Interactions Test Facility (PMITF) recently designed and constructed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is an electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma system with densities around 1011cm−3 and electron temperatures of 10–20 eV. The device consists of a mirror cell with high‐field‐side microwave injection and a heating power of up to 0.8 kW (cw) at 2.45 GHz. The facility will be used for studies of plasma‐materials interactions and of particle physics in pump limiters and for development and testing of plasma edge diagnostics.
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28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium
81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis
52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects

Magnetic energy analyzer with a microchannel plate calibrated using cellulose nitrate film

Katsumi Hirano, Toshikazu Yamamoto, Yushiro Okabe, and Katsuji Shimoda

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 20 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139560 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

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A time‐resolved measurement of an impulsive ion source has been carried out by developing a detector consisting of a magnetic energy analyzer and a microchannel plate (MCP) with multianodes. A method to calibrate the electron multiplication factor of the MCP for charged particles using a solid‐state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) is presented. The method has been successfully used for the energy analysis of the deuteron beam produced by the plasma focus. The method is applicable not only for deuterons but also for any other energetic charged particles.
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29.40.-n Radiation detectors

Versatile, disturbance‐free, electromagnetically driven, supersonic beam source

G. Sanna, M. Nardi, P. Cardoni, and G. Tomassetti

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 26 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139561 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

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A nozzle valve having a programmable opening time has been realized and tested. Its working principle differs from those used before in similar devices. In a preliminary version, the valve has been shown to be able to deliver gas pulses having a rise time of about 45 μs and a variable time length from 250 μs (FWHM) to continuum. It can also be operated as a beam chopper with frequency in the range 0–270 Hz and a variable duty factor. The valve does not generate either rf disturbances or appreciable current spikes in the ground network. It is a simple construction device and does not require a critical setup.
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47.60.Kz Flows and jets through nozzles
47.27.W- Boundary-free shear flow turbulence
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
37.20.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques

Electron‐impact ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer for molecular beams

J. E. Pollard and R. B. Cohen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 32 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139562 (6 pages) | Cited 19 times

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A method is described for performing electron‐impact ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in a molecular beam apparatus. It provides a convenient means for optimizing the performance of pulsed or continuous nozzle sources and can be used in conjunction with laser excitation. Mass spectra are produced either as analog waveforms or in a high repetition rate ion counting mode. The device can also be operated as a fast ionization gauge for time‐resolved detection of pulsed beams.
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07.75.+h Mass spectrometers
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
37.20.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques

Ion signal calibration in the imaging atom‐probe with an external, time‐gated image intensifier

G. L. Kellogg

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 38 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139563 (5 pages) | Cited 6 times

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A commercial, external image intensifier unit has been adapted to an imaging atom‐probe mass spectrometer. The image intensifier can be operated in a pulsed mode to obtain time‐gated (i.e., species specific) images while simultaneously recording time‐of‐flight mass spectra. This capability was used to calibrate the amplitudes of rhodium, tungsten, and neon ion signals which appear in imaging atom‐probe mass spectra. The signal amplitudes were found to be directly proportional to the number of imaged ions over a range of amplitudes covering three orders of magnitude. The proportionality constant was found to be nearly the same for doubly charged rhodium and triply charged tungsten ions, but significantly different for neon ions. The constant was not sensitive to variations of ∼30% in the applied voltage (i.e., ion energy).
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07.75.+h Mass spectrometers
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors

Two‐dimensional imaging x‐ray spectrometer using channel‐plate collimator

Naohiro Yamaguchi, Sadao Aoki, and Syoichi Miyoshi

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 43 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139564 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

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A new method for two‐dimensional imaging x‐ray spectrometer is introduced. The optical system consists of a microchannel plate as a large‐aperture collimator and a flat Bragg‐type diffractor. This method can be applied to radiation covering from VUV to hard x ray. The feasibility has been demonstrated by using x rays of two different energies and a LiF crystal.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
52.70.La X-ray and γ-ray measurements

Scanning laser acoustic microscope with digital data acquisition

E. P. Rudd, R. K. Mueller, W. P. Robbins, T. Skaar, B. Soumekh, and Z. Q. Zhou

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 45 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139565 (9 pages) | Cited 2 times

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A scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM) is described. The SLAM achieves a resolution of about 10 μm and is capable of imaging subsurface features at depths up to several millimeters, using appropriate reconstruction algorithms. The various components of the apparatus, both acousto‐optical and electronic, are described. A major feature of the SLAM is a digital data‐acquisition system capable of storing and processing the complex acoustic field in images with 256×256‐pixel resolution. An array processor enables most floating‐point operations to be completed in a few seconds. Examples of acoustic images obtained from a test sample are presented.
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43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
43.60.Gk Space-time signal processing, other than matched field processing
78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects
42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography

Dynamic piezoelectric translation devices

D. W. Pohl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 54 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139566 (4 pages) | Cited 127 times

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The principle of inertial sliding of a platform on a periodically accelerated support is exploited for the design of a piezoelectric fine‐positioning device. The device provides step sizes of 0.04–0.2 μ, speeds of up to 0.2 mm/s, and practically unlimited translation range. It is powered by a sawtooth electric waveform of 60–300‐V amplitude and useable for loads of up to 1 kg and probably even more. Mechanical parts and driver electronics are extremely simple, reliable, and easy to operate.
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07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
07.07.Mp Transducers
43.38.Fx Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers

Generation of a high‐power rf pulse in a rectangular waveguide

M. Friedman and V. Serlin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 58 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139567 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

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High‐power rf radiation with a frequency of 800 MHz was extracted from a modulated intense relativistic electron beam into a rectangular waveguide. The rf extraction was limited to a rf power below 500 MW. Problems which prevent generation of higher power were identified and solutions offered.
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52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides

Optically coupled electrical sampling system with 4‐GHz bandwidth

S. B. Samaan, L. Wilson Pearson, and Charles E. Smith

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 60 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139514 (9 pages) | Cited 1 time

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A new approach to the design of a fiber‐optic interface that links a commercial sampling head to its matching time‐domain reflectometer (TDR)/sampler oscilloscope plug‐in unit is reported. Three fiber‐optic links replace the wired signal paths of the original design that convey the vertical error signal, the feedback signal, and the horizontal sampling command signal between the sampling head and the oscilloscope sampling plug‐in. The dielectric fiber pigtails allow the use of the sampling head inside objects that need to be electromagnetically insulated from the instrumentation system. Low‐frequency analog links are used to convey the error and feedback signals. The sampling command signal is conveyed via a link where a powerful, fast‐rise infrared laser pulse is generated. The laser pulse is used to trigger an avalanche transistor in the strobe generator circuit of the sampling head by directly coupling the optical energy to the transistor chip. This direct method of detection minimizes the time jitter introduced to the strobe signal, resulting in a bandwidth of 4 GHz. Some of the results of the tests which were carried out on the system are reported.
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42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices

Molecular luminescence cryothermometer

Michael Petrin and August H. Maki

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 69 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139515 (6 pages) | Cited 3 times

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A thermometer is described which employs luminescence emitting molecular sensors to measure temperatures in the cryogenic range below 20 K. Upon photoexcitation, the molecular sensor emits luminescence from an excited spin state having two optically resolved sublevels. The sublevels are in thermal equilibrium due to rapid spin‐lattice relaxation and thus act as a two‐level radiator whose relative luminescence intensities vary with temperature according to the Boltzmann population equation. A device is described which employs photon‐counting techniques to measure the intensity ratio of the luminescence originating from these two levels and then uses this ratio to calculate the temperature of the sensor and thereby of its surroundings. The device employs remote fiber‐optic sensing and is independent of fluctuations in the excitation source or in the detection system efficiency since it monitors the intensity ratio of two emission bands. Since this temperature measurement technique is based on photophysical and thermodynamic properties of a well‐defined system, the molecular sensors employed need not be individually calibrated, only the response curve of the device needs to be determined.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
07.20.Dt Thermometers
78.55.Bq Liquids
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials

Theoretical signal‐to‐noise ratio for correlators with linear averaging

K. Dmowski and Z. Pióro

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 75 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139517 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

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Detailed calculations of the output signal‐to‐noise ratio for correlators with a linear averaging and an arbitrarily chosen weighting function are presented. Analytical relationships are derived for three mathematical models of white noise. Finally, a comparison of obtained results is made.
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02.30.Nw Fourier analysis
74.20.-z Theories and models of superconducting state

Speckle interferometer for thermal expansion measurements

G. P. Costa, S. Mangini, P. Ottonello, and E. Piano

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 78 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139518 (5 pages)

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This paper describes a real‐time speckle interferometer specially designed to measure the thermal expansion of a large class of intermetallic compounds for which surface optical treatments are difficult or even impossible. The instruments’ 5% accuracy, experimentally checked over the range 300–900 K, makes it a more accurate and cheaper alternative to the x‐ray devices commonly used for the above‐mentioned compounds. Moreover, the extreme simplicity of the optical setup allows an almost immediate alignment procedure and therefore makes the instrument suitable for routine measurements. The advantages of simultaneous measurements in different spots of the sample surface are also outlined. A comparison with standards, together with the measured expansion anomaly of an intermetallic compound (Ce24Co11) are presented.
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07.60.Ly Interferometers
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
42.87.-d Optical testing techniques
78.20.N- Thermo-optic effects
78.20.nb Photothermal effects

Observations on the use of a thermal conductivity cell to measure the para hydrogen concentration in a mixture of para and ortho hydrogen gas

T. W. Bradshaw and J. O. W. Norris

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 83 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139519 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

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This paper describes the use of a thermal conductivity cell to measure the para hydrogen concentration in a mixture of para and ortho hydrogen gas. The device was calibrated over its entire range and the output compared with the theoretically expected form. The output of this device had been previously assumed to be linear, this assumption can lead to systematic errors of up to 5.6% in the determination of the para hydrogen concentration. A simple calibration procedure is described.
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51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state
07.20.Dt Thermometers

Flat‐plate radiometer

N. E. Hager

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 86 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139520 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

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A thermocouple‐type radiometer is constructed by mounting a blackened thin‐foil heat‐flux sensor on a reflective heat‐sink block. Either the sensor alone or the completed assembly is calibrated in a thermal conductivity apparatus. The device measures total hemispheric radiation and is estimated to be accurate to within 2%. Simplicity and ruggedness make the radiometer well suited for measuring output of radiant heaters in hostile factory environments.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
07.20.-n Thermal instruments and apparatus

Application of infrared scanners and inverse heat conduction methods to infrared computerized axial tomography

A. J. Kassab and C. K. Hsieh

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 89 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139521 (7 pages) | Cited 8 times

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An infrared scanning system was used along with inverse heat conduction methods in IR computerized axial tomography (IR CAT scan). The method consists of scanning the exposed surfaces of an object with an unknown inner boundary geometry and reconstructing section views of the object using the surface temperature data and the boundary condition prescribed along the inner boundary as input in an analysis. The mathematical theory and operational procedures of IR CAT scan are developed, and they are applied to the successful reconstruction of a section of a test model with a Dirichlet condition prescribed along the inner boundary. The sensitivity of the method to erroneous input temperature data is discussed. The mathematical theory of the IR CAT scan method developed in this paper is general and can be applied to other situations when Neumann or Robin conditions are prescribed along the inner boundary.
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42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors

Tomographic imaging of three‐phase flow experiments

Harold J. Vinegar and Scott L. Wellington

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 96 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139522 (12 pages) | Cited 51 times

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The medical x‐ray computerized tomography (CT) scanner has proved to be a useful tool for studies of fluid flow in porous media, with particular applications in reservoir engineering and enhanced oil recovery. This paper explains how CT is used to measure the volume fraction of pore space occupied by up to three discrete phases, such as oil, water, and gas. The image processing system, x‐ray transparent high‐pressure flow equipment, choice of fluid dopants, and x‐ray energies are described for scanning of core flood experiments. Examples are given of tertiary miscible carbon dioxide displacements in Berea sandstone.
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82.80.Dx Analytical methods involving electronic spectroscopy
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

Frequency response of thin‐film thermometers: A critical review

Kenneth D. Hill and Donald J. Woods

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 108 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139550 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

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The dynamic response of the platinum thin‐film thermometer has been investigated. Our experimental results indicate that details of the probe form significantly affect the velocity scaling relationship for these probes. In particular, the theoretical relationship appears appropriate for probes with hemispherical tips with the thin film in the stagnation region, whereas the conical‐tip probes in common usage deviate from the theory and require an empirical scaling relationship.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state
68.08.-p Liquid-solid interfaces
68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces

Development of the vibrational time‐delay technique and the study of stress/strain coupled diffusion in polymers

Makarand H. Chipalkatti, Richard J. Farris, and John M. Hutchinson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 112 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139551 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

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A technique has been developed to measure the linear mass density of fibers and ribbons, and adapted to the study of stress/strain coupled diffusion in polymeric materials. The technique overcomes the limitations of sensitivity and range, typical of traditional diffusion measurement techniques, and can be used for a wide range of fiber densities. It is also possible to monitor stress or strain within the fiber while measuring the change in mass, without requiring the fiber to be at equilibrium or interrupting the experiment. Estimates of material property changes, as exemplified by tensile modulus changes, can also be made during the course of the experiment. The mass per unit length, at any given time, of polymer fibers or ribbons under known stresses and strains can be determined by this technique. From this it is possible to estimate the gain or loss in weight in the sample due to permeants diffusion. Some preliminary result of constant strain and constant stress experiments on ribbons of polycarbonate, polyimide, and precured epoxy, and KevlarR monofilaments, are discussed and the scope and resolution of the apparatus are indicated.
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81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis
62.20.D- Elasticity
62.20.Hg Creep

Small sample magnetometers for simultaneous magnetic and resistive measurements at low temperatures and high magnetic fields

J. S. Brooks, M. J. Naughton, Y. P. Ma, P. M. Chaikin, and R. V. Chamberlin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 117 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139552 (5 pages) | Cited 35 times

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We describe a very simple method for making measurements of the isotropic and anisotropic static magnetization of small samples which is especially useful in the limit of very low temperatures and high magnetic fields. The sensitivity of this technique can surpass that of commercial superconducting magnetometers in the high magnetic field limit. Methods for calibration are presented and magnetization measurements on several materials are shown to demonstrate the technique.
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07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis

Accurate measurement of the temperature of a junction

D. Stievenard and J. C. Bourgoin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 122 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139553 (3 pages)

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Knowledge of the temperature of a junction is very useful for experimenters or technologists. We propose here an easy but accurate method to measure it for any type of junction, isolated or in a device. The method is based on a numerical analysis of a transient signal, provided by the change of capacitance of the space‐charge region of the junction due to the emission of majority carriers from a trap. This method has been tested on different junctions made on n‐GaAs with traps introduced by electron irradiation or originating from the technology. Here we provide, for illustration, results showing the variation of a junction temperature as a function of the injected current density.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
65.20.-w Thermal properties of liquids
65.40.gd Entropy
73.40.-c Electronic transport in interface structures

Novel two‐dimensional position‐sensitive detection system

C. L. C. M. Knibbeler, G. J. A. Hellings, H. J. Maaskamp, H. Ottevanger, and H. H. Brongersma

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 125 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139554 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

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A novel two‐dimensional position‐sensitive detection system has been designed, built, and tested. It has a relatively short processing time (900 ns) which enables countrates up to 105–106/s. The detector has a ring‐shaped geometry. Both polar coordinates can be determined with an accuracy better than 1%. Although intended for use in an ion scattering spectrometer, the system can also be used for detection of other atomic particles or photons.
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07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors
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