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Feb 1980

Volume 51, Issue 2, pp. 167-262


Development of a supersonic O(3PJ), O(1D2) atomic oxygen nozzle beam source

Steven J. Sibener, Richard J. Buss, Cheuk Yiu Ng, and Yuan T. Lee

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 167 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136170 (16 pages) | Cited 59 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A high pressure, radio frequency discharge nozzle beam source has been developed for the production of very intense (⩾1018 atoms sr−1  s−1) supersonic beams of oxygen atoms. An efficient impedance matching scheme has been devised for coupling the radio frequency power to oxygen–rare gas mixtures as a function of gas pressure, temperature, and composition. Techniques for localizing the discharge directly behind the orifice of a specially designed quartz nozzle have also been developed. The above combine to yield a beam source which reliably produces a high degree of molecular dissociation in oxygen–rare gas mixtures at pressures up to 350 Torr. Atomic oxygen mean translational energies from 0.14–0.50 eV have been achieved using the seeded beams technique with Mach numbers up to 10 being realized. When helium is used as the carrier gas both O(3PJ) and O(1D2) atoms are present in the beam, while only ground state atoms appear to be present in argon seeded mixtures. This paper describes the design, construction, and operation of this beam source and provides a characterization of the atomic oxygen beams it has reproducibly generated in our laboratory.
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29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators

Experimental facility to produce and measure compression and shear waves in impacted solids

Y. M. Gupta, D. D. Keough, D. F. Walter, K. C. Dao, D. Henley, and A. Urweider

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 183 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136171 (12 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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An impact facility has been designed and constructed to produce and measure large amplitude one‐dimensional compression and shear waves in solids. Design considerations and experimental details to produce the necessary impact configuration and to measure the particle velocity profiles resulting from compression and shear waves are described. Experimental results are presented to show that the impact facility was satisfactorily constructed. After a brief discussion of shear wave measurements, the experimental measurements made under compression and shear loading in polymethyl methacrylate and polycrystalline aluminum oxide are presented. These results are expected to provide new information on material response at high strain rates.
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62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids

High‐temperature photochemistry reactor for kinetic studies of isolated elementary gas‐phase reactions

William Felder, Arthur Fontijn, Hermannn N. Volltrauer, and David R. Voorhees

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 195 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136172 (6 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A reactor suitable for kinetic measurements on photolytically initiated elementary free‐radical reactions over approximately the 300–1900 K temperature range is described. Performance data are given for the O+CH4→OH+CH3 reaction.
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82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions; molecule-molecule reactions
82.50.-m Photochemistry

On the possibility to measure volumes of small gas bubbles and the bubble producing gas flow rates acoustically

G. G. Oosterwegel and H. J. de Groot

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 201 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136173 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Using the pulsation properties of gas bubbles it is possible to measure acoustically volumes c.q. equivalent diameters of gas bubbles in the range of 1.8–2.1 mm, produced at low frequencies at capillary tubes in a silent environment. Hence it is possible to measure very low gas flow rates (from 4 up to 100 mm3/s). During formation of bubbles at capillary tubes phenomena of repeated coalescence can occur between a just released bubble and the following bubbles under formation. This occurrence depends on the speed of rise, the bubble volume and the formation frequency. There is experimental evidence that this swallowing‐up gives cause to a swinging‐up of the amplitude of the pulsation signal. This coalescence process is the main physical limitation of the claimed method to low frequencies. There is also some experimental evidence by laser pulse synchronization between acoustics and bubble photographs that the often reported neck during bubble formation actually is an effect caused by this swallowing‐up process.
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51.90.+r Other topics in the physics of gases (restricted to new topics in section 51)
51.40.+p Acoustical properties

Elmo Bumpy Torus heavy ion probe

F. M. Bieniosek, P. L. Colestock, K. A. Connor, R. L. Hickok, S. P. Kuo, and R. A. Dandl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 206 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136174 (7 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A diagnostic system based on the heavy ion beam probe technique has been developed for the Elmo Bumpy Torus. A variety of singly charged alkali metal ions have been used in the probing beam; detection of multiply charged reaction products allows a continuous spatially resolved monitor of the plasma space potential. Typical spatial resolution is 1 cm−3; time resolution is on the order of 1 s. The potential measurement is direct and properly referenced to the plasma ground. An investigation into possible sources of error in the measurement points to the conclusion that the uncertainty is an order of magnitude less than the experimentally measured potentials.
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52.70.Nc Particle measurements
52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects

Laser power‐per‐line analyzer

Richard L. Fusek, M. Cem Gokay, and Joseph S. Marcheski

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 213 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136175 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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The power‐per‐line analyzer is an instrument designed to provide a continuous real‐time display of any laser spectra on an oscilloscope. In this article the HF and DF laser version of this instrument is described. A new continuous drive and electronic calibration method are used, eliminating the need for mechanical and optical recalibration. The wavelength is proportional to the dc voltage generated by the scanner’s angular position transducer, which drives the x axis of an oscilloscope. The relative line intensity is proportional to the dc voltage generated by a pyroelectric detector and drives the y axis of the oscilloscope. The wavelength calibration accuracy of the final instrument is 0.8% full scale, and the resolution is 2 nm.
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42.55.-f Lasers
07.60.-j Optical instruments and equipment

Development of a high‐repetition‐rate mini‐TEA CO2 laser

N. Menyuk and P. F. Moulton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 216 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136176 (5 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A 1.8 cm3 active volume gas‐recirculating mini‐TEA CO2 laser of relatively simple design is described. The laser is capable of operating at 500 Hz with an average output of 10 W. The device is line tunable over ∼50 CO2 laser frequencies, has operated with up to 34 J/l output density and has a nearly diffraction‐limited output.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Precision two‐compartment bomb calorimeter for combustion in fluorine

H. Lenski and D. Böhler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 221 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136177 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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An isothermally jacketed liquid calorimeter permitting thermochemical studies on spontaneous combustion in fluorine has been built and tested. The fluorine storage tank was located outside the calorimeter vessel, thus lowering the heat capacity of the system and its thermal inertia. Particular attention was paid to the method and rate of liquid circulation since it largely determines the experimental accuracy. The system can be calibrated electrically. The possible experimental errors are discussed, and their analysis shows that calibration is feasible with an accuracy of ≳99.98%. A series of measurements involving a temperature rise of about 0.9 K showed a standard deviation of 0.02%.
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07.20.Fw Calorimeters

Highly flexible pulse programmer for NMR applications

J. Dart, D. P. Burum, and W. K. Rhim

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 224 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136178 (5 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A pulse generator for NMR application is described. Eighteen output channels are provided to allow use in both single and double resonance experiments. Complex pulse sequences may be generated by loading instructions into a 256‐word by 16‐bit program memory. Features of the pulse generator include programmable time delays from 0.5 μs to 1000 s, branching and looping instructions, and the ability to be loaded and operated either manually or from a PDP‐11/10 computer.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
61.05.Qr Magnetic resonance techniques; Mössbauer spectroscopy (for structure determination only)

Automated, simultaneous measurement of electrical properties of pyroelectric materials

J. P. Dougherty and R. J. Seymour

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 229 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136179 (5 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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An automated system for measuring the pyroelectric properties of materials is described. This system can simultaneously measure pyroelectric coefficients and permittivities eliminating errors introduced in the figures of merit by temperature uncertainties. Results on deuterated triglycine fluoroberyllate (DTGFB) are presented.
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77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects

Determination and optimization of frequency response of constant temperature hot‐wire anemometers in supersonic flows

J. P. Bonnet and T. Alziary de Roquefort

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 234 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136180 (6 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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In order to achieve turbulence measurements in supersonic flows the frequency response of CTA is tested and improved. A fast and convenient technique to determine electrically the frequency response is proposed; the response is also tested by direct heating of the wire by means of a laser beam. The two techniques are in good agreement. Under certain experimental conditions (M=2, Reϕ=400) it is possible to use CTA with a satisfactory frequency response up to 250 kHz and overheat ratios down to 0.07. In these severe operating conditions, the square‐wave test technique seems to be not sufficient to ensure optimum settings and it is necessary to use symmetrical bridges with fine adjustment of offset voltage.
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06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy (restricted to new topics in section 07)

Stable CO2 and N2O laser design

J. E. Thomas, M. J. Kelly, J.‐P. Monchalin, N. A. Kurnit, and A. Javan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 240 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136181 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A complete working design for highly stable grating controlled N2O and CO2 lasers is presented. The lasers are suitable for general high resolution spectroscopy, frequency mixing and clock applications.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Circuit to measure hysteresis

Robert A. Peters and Talat F. Refai

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 244 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136182 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A circuit is described which permits a hysteretic ratio to be graphed versus another experimental parameter. The hysteretic ratio can be defined either: (a) by the two discontinuities of the I–V response (or more exactly the two discontinuities in (dV/dt) or (b) by the two polarity changes (as in ferromagnetic B vs H curves). The circuit features a large dynamic range (≳40 dB with no adjustments) and works well for modulation frequencies between 10−3 and 300 Hz.
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74.25.Ha Magnetic properties including vortex structures and related phenomena

Circuit for the measurement of surface potential changes by the static capacitor method

R. W. Pasco and P. J. Ficalora

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 246 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136165 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Circuitry is presented for the measurement of surface potential changes upon adsorption of gases on a metal foil or film by the static capacitor method. The circuit operates in the usual manner applying a backing off potential which opposes the flow of current from the cell comprised of the foil or film and a reference surface. The advantages of the present circuit include simplicity, low cost, fast response time, no moving parts, and the requirement of only one low voltage, dual‐polarity power supply.
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07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
73.20.-r Electron states at surfaces and interfaces

Modified signal‐averaging technique to reduce measurement time

K. Neelakantan and K. P. Rajappan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 250 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136166 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A simple method of reducing the total measurement time in signal averaging is described. The method uses averaging over autocorrelation estimates rather than over the signal directly. The method may be useful in certain cases where the repetition rate is small.
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06.90.+v Other topics in metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures (restricted to new topics in section 06)
07.05.-t Computers in experimental physics

Signal to noise enhancement of lock‐in amplifiers

K. Neelakantan, S. Dattagupta, and K. P. Rajappan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 251 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136167 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A lock‐in amplifier can be considered to be a special case of the more general box‐car averager. Expressions for the output noise voltage of lock‐in amplifiers are deduced from the corresponding results derived earlier for box‐car averagers. Deviations from the simple (4 RC)1/2 law are shown to exist in the case of nonwhite noise.
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07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components

High pressure pressure‐jump apparatus

K. Heremans, F. Ceuterick, and J. Rijkenberg

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 252 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136168 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A pressure jump relaxation technique is described to study fast reactions in solution under pressure up to 1.5 kbar. The mechanical relaxation time of the instrument is 0.5 ms.
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07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells

Economical replacement for gold O‐ring type gaskets in metal vacuum systems

Edward M. Beaver

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 254 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136169 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A technique for fabricating O‐ring type gaskets from electrical utility wire is described, including criteria for successful welds using facilities readily available in the average laboratory.
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07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials

Fluid insulator used in the investigation of gas phase ions with an electrometer

A. Auerbach

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 254 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136183 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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We describe a simple design modification which will solve the spurious surface charging effects associated with the use of sweep plates to investigate gaseous ions. The procedure involves using a fluid insulator to electrically isolate the electrometer electrode.
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51.50.+v Electrical properties (ionization, breakdown, electron and ion mobility, etc.)
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components

Retractable, rear viewing low energy electron diffraction/Auger spectroscopy system

J. F. Wendelken, S. P. Withrow, and P. S. Herrell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 255 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136184 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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The design of a rear viewing, retractable low energy electron diffraction assembly is described.
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82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
32.80.Hd Auger effect (including Coster-Krönig transitions)

Inserting thermocouples directly through infrared windows

Clifton W. Draper and William O. Pessel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 258 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136185 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Small holes, approximately 0.25 mm diameter, are drilled through IR windows (NaCl, KCl, CsBr) 3.2 mm thick. Thermocouples wires (0.13 mm diam) are inserted and sealed with ’’Vacseal,’’ a silicone resin. After curing, a reasonably durable‐vacuum proof seal exits. The method provides a very simple, inexpensive procedure for installing thermocouples in IR spectroscopy and reaction cells.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers

Apparatus to measure the viscosity of strongly oxygen reactant amalgam

M. Bosco Masera

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 260 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136186 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A new apparatus for the preparation and preservations of amalgams in absence of oxygen is described. It has some advantages over the preparation in presence of chemicals: (1) there is no reaction with the amalgam; (2) no extraneous material remains in the crucible, which contains the amalgam. For the viscosity measurements, the amalgam is contained into a free‐oscillating viscometer, which was described by Gallina et al. This paper shows the reproducibility of the viscosity measurements in the temperature range from −20 ° to 50 °C, and compares his values to a literature value.
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82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques
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