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Nov 1980

Volume 51, Issue 11, pp. 1451-1585

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Doppler shift spectroscopy of powerful neutral beams

C. F. Burrell, W. S. Cooper, R. R. Smith, and W. F. Steele

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1451 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136124 (12 pages) | Cited 40 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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An optical diagnostic is reported which measures the parameters of an intense hydrogen or deuterium neutral beam by observation of the Doppler shifted Balmer alpha or beta lines emitted by fast atoms in the beam at several locations in the neutralizer. The spectrum of blue shifted and red shifted light emitted along optic axes which lie in planes perpendicular and parallel to the grid rails of the ion source is recorded by an optical multichannel analyzer which is interfaced to a computer. The light is Doppler shifted sufficiently to resolve the three energy components of the beam resulting from the H+, H+2, and H+3 ions accelerated by the ion source. From the Doppler broadening of each peak the beam divergence parallel and perpendicular to the accelerator slots can be measured. A model is presented whereby the energy distribution can be determined from the intensity of each peak. The spectroscopic results for energy distribution are in agreement to within 5% with momentum analysis by a magnetic mass spectrometer.
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29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators
29.30.-h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques

Design and development of the coaxial duoPIGatron ion source

Hiroshi Horiike, Masato Akiba, Yoshihiro Arakawa, Shinzaburo Matsuda, and Junji Sakuraba

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1463 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136125 (5 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A new variation of a duoPIGatron ion source, named coaxial duoPIGatron has been proposed and designed. This ion source has a magnetic center pole in the intermediate electrode, thereby feeding ionizing electrons widely to the arc chamber. The first model had produced a source plasma of excellent uniformity, but the density level was low presumably due to leakage or bridging magnetic flux in the cathode plasma region. Numerical calculations have been performed on the magnetic field structure for several shapes of the intermediate electrode with center pole. The source was designed and constructed on the basis of these numerical results and was tested experimentally. It was confirmed that the primary electrons were fed widely to the PIG chamber along the spreading magnetic lines of force, and they produced a uniform source plasma with high density. Thus the concept of hollow feeding of electrons has proved its applicability to an ion source of larger beam extracting area.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative

La–Mo emitters in hollow cathodes

D. M. Goebel, A. T. Forrester, and S. Johnston

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1468 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136126 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A hollow cathode which utilizes lanthanum molybdenum (LM) as the active electron emitter is described and compared in performance to a LaB6 emitter of equal area in an identical configuration. Tests in both argon and hydrogen produced effective emission current densities of up to 10 A/cm2 from the LM material in continuous and long pulse operation. Examination after 40 h running time showed no sign of damage or rapid evaporation. Impurity build up on the emitting surfaces which stopped the LaB6 emission after 50 h was not apparent with the LM and long lifetimes are anticipated for cathodes using this emitter.
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79.40.+z Thermionic emission

Aluminosilicate‐composite type ion source of alkali ions

D. W. Hughes, R. K. Feeney, and D. N. Hill

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1471 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136127 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A thermionic source of singly charged alkali ions consisting of an aluminosilicate‐molybdenum emitter assembly rigidly mounted behind a Pierce‐type electrostatic focusing structure is described. This ion source is compatible with an ultra‐high vacuum environment and has generated intense, high purity ion beams for a continuous operating period of one month.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
79.40.+z Thermionic emission

High‐frequency Faraday cup array

T. P. Starke

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1473 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136128 (5 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A high frequency response Faraday cup array has been developed to measure the beam profile and high frequency wave behavior of the Auto‐Resonant Accelerator electron beam.
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41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components

Wall nonuniformity measurement of inertial fusion targets using a rolling technique

W. B. Rensel, D. A. Steinman, R. L. Crawley, and D. J. Tanner

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1478 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136129 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Commercial viability of inertial fusion (IF) requires high volume, low cost manufacture of the reactor targets. An important aspect of the manufacturing process is quality assurance of the hollow, spherical fuel containers used as targets. This report presents a rolling technique that can characterize and sort for wall uniformity rapidly and economically. We have demonstrated that shells having offset inner spheres roll at an angle down an inclined plane in accordance with a straightforward mathematical model.
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28.52.-s Fusion reactors
52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects

Direct display of electron temperature oscillation in a plasma

D. Sengupta, S. K. Saha, S. N. Sengupta, and S. K. Mukherjee

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1482 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136130 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A simple differential technique using a floating Langmuir probe and a hot probe has been used to obtain direct oscillographic display of electron temperature oscillation in a plasma. The reliability of the method has been tested in artificially generated moving striations in the positive column of a cold cathode argon discharge (Id=8 mA; p=0.1 torr; 2r=5 cms).
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52.70.Nc Particle measurements

Design and operational characteristics of a compact relativistic electron beam generator for the excitation of short wavelength lasers

T. Suzuki, H. Murakami, Y. Saito, A. Yamagishi, and H. Inaba

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1485 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136108 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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We have designed and constructed a compact and simple high current relativistic electron beam (REB) generator for the excitation of lasers in the short wavelength region. The REB generator mainly consists of Tesla transformer type high‐voltage generator, water pulse forming line, cold cathode electron gun and provides the operational characteristics of 250 keV high energy, 15 kA high current and 15 ns pulse width electron beam.
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41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
42.55.-f Lasers

Fourier transform photoacoustic spectrometer

Lindsay B. Lloyd, Stephen M. Riseman, Roger K. Burnham, Edward M. Eyring, and Michael M. Farrow

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1488 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136109 (5 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A Michelson interferometer with step‐and‐integrate mirror motion is described for use in Fourier transform photoacoustic spectrometry (FTPAS) at visible wavelengths. An overview of mechanical and software construction is supplied and the advantages of FTPAS are illustrated with a spectrum of powdered erbium oxide at visible wavelengths. The relative merits of step‐and‐integrate and rapid scan mirror motion for FTPAS are considered.
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43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
78.20.N- Thermo-optic effects
78.20.nb Photothermal effects

Angular resolved Raman scattering using fiber optic probes

G. R. Trott and T. E. Furtak

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1493 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136110 (4 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A unique method for obtaining angular resolved Raman spectra is described, the purpose of which will be to study the angular dependence of the surface enhanced Raman effect from molecules adsorbed on metal substrates. Our design employs two flexible fiber optic bundle probes which are optically coupled to the laser and the monochromator respectively. The probes which define the incident and detected angular resolution at 20°, can be independently positioned in 45° azimuthal angle increments and at 0°, 22 1/2°, 45°, and 67 1/2° with respect to the sample surface normal. In a test of the performance of the system, the angular dependence of the Raman intensity from the 992 cm−1 mode of benzene was recorded. The results are in excellent agreement with previous data, thus demonstrating the practicality of our device.
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33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering)
42.81.-i Fiber optics

Microprocessor controlled pulse train generator for pulse optically detected magnetic resonance

R. K. Power and A. M. Nishimura

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1497 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136111 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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In pulse optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy, the precision in the spin relaxation data has been severely limited by instabilities in the timing of the sequence of pulses in the train. A digital pulse train generator is shown to be highly stable with resolution limited only by the response time of the circuit. In addition when the pulse train generator is controlled by a microprocessor, the programming capability allows an extremely wide variety of pulse sequences to be used in pulse ODMR. The use of this and an existing photon counter which is also under microprocessor control allows data manipulation to be made with ease and convenience. The microprocessor controlled pulse train generator is an inexpensive yet highly flexible apparatus useful in pulse ODMR, which can be adapted for application in pulse NMR.
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84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators

Dual‐variable detection method providing a wider dynamic range to a photomultiplier

Hidechika Hayashi, Hideki Tachibana, and Akiyoshi Wada

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1500 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136112 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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The dual‐variable detection method is a device to provide a wider dynamic range to the light intensity measurement by a photomultiplier. A dynamic range as wide as seven orders of magnitude is attainable by controlling and analyzing both the dynode voltage and the anode current. The electronic circuit is illustrated and its application to the simultaneous measurement of the absorbance and the circular dichroism, which have used to require different light intensity range for the optimum operation, is described.
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29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components

Laser beam manifold and particle photography system for use in fluid velocity measurements

Robert B. Owen and C. Warren Campbell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1504 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136113 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A laser beam manifold and particle photography system has been developed for use in fluid velocity measurements. The laser manifold is a device which transforms a single laser beam into several uniform parallel beams. By orienting two manifolds mutually perpendicular, an optical grid can be formed which acts as a reference for fluid velocity measurements. This optical grid is for all practical purposes totally nonperturbing to the flow. Tracer particles moving in the plane of the grid are then photographed to yield fluid velocities that can be measured relative to the optical grid. System construction and theory are presented.
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47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

Continuous void swelling measurements using fission fragment irradiation

H. Lefakis, T. H. Blewitt, and R. C. Birtcher

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1509 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136114 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A new simulation technique has been developed for the study of void swelling. Its salient characteristics include the use of fission‐fragment irradiation produced by doping with 235U and irradiating in a thermal neutron flux; use of bulk specimens and the yield of continuous, in situ swelling data. This technique has several unique advantages and, in conjunction with other conventional methods, it offers the possibility of detailed evaluation of void nucleation and growth theories. Preliminary results for low‐dose void swelling in Ni at 500°C are presented.
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61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects

Rapid nondestructive technique for monitoring polishing damage in semiconductor wafers

B. L. Sopori

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1513 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136115 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A rapid nondestructive (optical) technique, which can be used to monitor directly the chemical polishing/etching time required for removal of lapping (or sawing) damage in semiconductor wafers, is described. This technique utilizes dependence of the amplitude of surface photovoltage signal on the residual surface stress to determine the ’’end‐point’’ of chemical polishing/etching. It is shown that this technique is very sensitive and well suited for large scale polishing facilities.
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81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization

0.1 ppm four‐terminal resistance bridge for use with a dilution refrigerator

D. L. Edmunds, W. P. Pratt, and J. A. Rowlands

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1516 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136116 (7 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Measurement of electrical resistance of pure metal samples at low temperatures poses special problems because the resistance is usually very small and must be measured very precisely to be useful. We present a tested design for a bridge which in several significant respects is superior to previous ones. At ultralow temperatures it permits the measurement of resistance to 0.1 ppm in resistors from ∼1 mΩ to 0.1 μΩ, or lower. Indeed, relatively high precision measurements can be made over the whole temperature range from ∼20 mK to near 7 K. Finally, a new technique is developed which eliminates most of the problems of making a comparison (or standard) resistor and at the same time eliminates the necessity of an extrapolation to zero temperature in order to obtain ρ0, as is conventionally done.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
07.20.Dt Thermometers

Shock tube techniques in the study of pulverized coal ignition and burnout

W. R. Seeker, T. W. Lester, and J. F. Merklin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1523 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136117 (9 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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The extension of shock tube techniques to the study of ignition and burnout of pulverized coal is examined. Nonintrusive optical techniques for characterizing the particle size distribution and the particle temperature as a function of time during burnout are described. Comparison of surface oxidation rates of soot particles and several bituminous coals obtained in the shock tube are in excellent agreement with the higher temperature results found in other apparatus. Because of the wide but controllable ranges of total pressures, oxygen parital pressures, particle temperatures, and coal loadings obtainable, the shock tube offers an additional instrument for the study of solid particle ignition and reactivity under conditions comparable to those found in mine explosions and anticipated in high intensity combustors.
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82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids

Self‐crowbarring, load‐isolating triggered spark gap

James W. Robinson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1532 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136118 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Crowbarring is achieved when a magnetically driven arc contacts an electrode in the crowbar circuit. No auxiliary timing circuitry is required and, at the time of crowbarring, the arc divides into two parts such that the load is isolated from the source. A discharge which peaks at 200 kA in 4 μs is crowbarred and displays a 50‐μs e‐folding time with a ripple current of less than 5%. Main switching and crowbarring are combined in a single 3‐electrode spark gap which is triggered by a pin between two of the electrodes. Crowbar timing is insensitive to gap dimensions and to current magnitude. Pin placement is critical but little energy is dissipated in the neighborhood of the trigger pin.
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52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity

Rogowski coil for measuring fast, high‐level pulsed currents

Donald G. Pellinen, Marco S. Di Capua, Stephen E. Sampayan, Harold Gerbracht, and Ming Wang

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1535 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136119 (6 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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This paper describes the theory and design of Rogowski‐wound coils used to measure nanosecond electrical curent pulses in the megampere range. The coils have risetimes of less than one nanosecond, microsecond decay times and typical sensitivities in the range of 10−3 to 10−4 V A−1. They operate in large radiation fields, under intense electron bombardment and at high rates of current rise.
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84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring

Analysis of the spiral generator

F. Rühl and G. Herziger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1541 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136120 (7 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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The output voltage of spiral generators, which are used for high voltage pulse generation, is derived analytically from a coupled wave analysis that includes the switch impedance, loading of the output terminals, and the influence of the finite conductivity of the spiral‐wound conductors. It is demonstrated that the spiral generator behaves like a damped LC resonance element which is charged by a fraction of the switch current. Graphs of the output voltage as function of dimensionless parameters and scaling relationships for spiral generators are given.
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84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines

Product transition correlator

P. E. Dewdney

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1548 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136121 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A new kind of digital correlation device is described which resembles a 3‐level by 3‐level correlator. The product transition correlator consists of a multiplier followed by an accumulator which counts transitions of products from one state to another ranter than the products themselves. Although this approach slightly reduces the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the accumulated product, it results in a simpler design. Consequently the product transition correlator can operate at much faster sample rates than the conventional 3‐level correlators.
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07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components

Microprocessor system for automated sensory irritation studies

M. S. McCracken

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1553 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136122 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A microprocessor controlled system which provides automatic acquisition and reduction of respiration data produced in sensory irritation studies has been developed. A microprocessor controlled system replaces a manual method where respiration patterns were recorded on a polygraph and then manually counted. A typical experiment consists of a twenty minute exposure and requires two hours to manually reduce the data. The new automated system reduces the data in a few seconds freeing the operator for other tasks. Statistical analysis of the reduced data and tabulation and plotting of results are also provided. Monitoring of the critical steps in the experiment are perfored by the automated system to insure the integrity of the experiments.
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87.57.-s Medical imaging
87.63.-d Non-ionizing radiation equipment and techniques
87.85.Pq Biomedical imaging
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation

Rotating crystal ESR cavity for angular variation studies at room temperature

K. Ramani and R. Srinivasan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1559 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136123 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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We describe an X‐band ESR cavity for angular variation studies on single crystals at room temperature. The cavity was found to have a high Q over wide rotation angles.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation

Production of pulsed electric fields using capacitively coupled electrodes

B. R. F. Kendall and F. A. S. Schwab

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1560 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136107 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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It is shown that pulsed electric fields can be produced over extended volumes by taking advantage of the internal capacitances in a stacked array of electrodes. The design, construction, and performance of practical arrays are discussed. The prototype arrays involved fields of 102–103 V cm−1 extending over several centimeters. Scaling to larger physical dimensions is straightforward.
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07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components

Data acquisition system with 8 BIOMATION 8100 controlled by a 6800 microcomputer

K. Hollenberg

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1563 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136131 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A 6800 microprocessor controlled data acquisition system with 8 BIOMATION 8100 transient recorders is described. The system allows programming the transient recorders and storing data on tape cassettes or punched tape for further computation. The system has been used successfully in shock tube experiments and for measuring shock pressures in solids by carbon resistors.
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07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
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