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Dec 1980

Volume 51, Issue 12, pp. 1603-1731

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Instrumentation at temperatures below 1 K

A. C. Anderson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1603 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136148 (11 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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This paper, a guide to the literature, is directed to experimentalists planning to extend their research into the temperature range of 0.01–1 K. Included are discussions of refrigeration, thermal contact and isolation, thermometry, and several examples of how standard physical measurement techniques have been adapted to the temperature regime below 1 K.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Production of 1.25 K 4He without 4He superfluid film

John H. Goebel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1614 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136149 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A refrigeration process is described which enables the production of a sub‐λ‐point 4He temperatures without the production of superfluid. The advantages of the process for zero gravity (0‐g) and low‐noise refrigeration are described. The lowest temperature produced to date is 1.25 K. The process is also useful with other gases for refrigeration; the output temperature is selected by gas type.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
05.70.-a Thermodynamics
51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state
95.55.-n Astronomical and space-research instrumentation

Variable‐temperature ion–implantation cryostat

S. T. Sekula and J. R. Thompson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1618 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136150 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A versatile low‐temperature apparatus for studies using ion beams in an ultrahigh vacuum environment is described. By providing variable‐temperature operation from ∼2–300 K, the facility can be used for a variety of studies. These have included low‐temperature ion implantations for the production of metastable superconducting systems, thermal‐annealing studies, and ion‐mixing experiments. The cryostat combines economical use of liquid helium, long‐holding time (several days) at liquid–helium temperatures as required for some studies, and ion–beam accessibility with the capability of absorbing high power (∼∼6 W at 5 K) for short periods. To allow adjustment of the target position relative to implanting or analyzing ion beams, the entire cryostat is mounted on a separate assembly providing vertical motion and rotation about the vertical axis.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation

Fast multichannel time correlator for coincidence experiments in atomic physics

J. C. Brenot, J. A. Fayeton, and J. C. Houver

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1623 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136151 (7 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Use of multichannel plate detectors has considerably extended the experimental techniques in atomic physics. In this context, a coincidence circuitry able to determine 64 simultaneous coincidence spectra is described. Use of fast electronic devices and separated amplifiers allows a high counting rate capability (5×105 events per second) with a time resolution of 3.1 ns. UV photon‐scattered particle coincidence in He–He collisions is given as an example of the application of the present apparatus.
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06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
06.90.+v Other topics in metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures (restricted to new topics in section 06)
84.30.-r Electronic circuits

Regular and asymmetric negative ion magnetron sources with grooved cathodes

J. G. Alessi and Th. Sluyters

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1630 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136152 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A significant improvement in the performance of the BNL Mark III magnetron negative ion sources has been achieved by putting cylindrical grooves on the cathode to geometrically focus surface produced H− and D− ions into the emission slit in the anode. The addition of these grooves has allowed us to reach desired negative ion emission current densities with an order of magnitude lower arc current than was previously required. An additional improvement in the operation of the magnetron has resulted from increasing the anode‐to‐cathode spacing in the back of the source, which facilitates ignition of the discharge at low pressures. The net result of these modifications has been an improvement in the gas and power efficiencies by at least a factor of three, and a reduction in the emittance of the beam.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative

Picosecond resolution of a Cerenkov cell-streak camera arrangement for monitoring charged particle bunches

J. C. Sheppard, R. H. Pantell, R. A. Gearhart, R. H. Miller, L. F. Chase, K. M. Monahan, and B. A. Watson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1634 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136153 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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An experiment is described in which the picosecond temporal structure of a Cerenkov radiation source has been measured using an optical streak camera. Electrons in the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) three kilometer linear accelerator, bunched by the 2856 MHz acceleration fields, are used to generate Cerenkov radiation in a helium-filled gas cell. We show that it is possible to construct a Cerenkov cell which introduces subpicosecond time spread and allows for nondestructive monitoring of the electron beam.
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29.20.Ej Linear accelerators

Selective fast neutron detector

R. E. Chrien and J. D. Strachan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1638 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136154 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A ZnO(Ga) scintillator has been developed which selectively detects 14 MeV neutrons in a large 2.5 MeV neutron and hard x‐ray background. The detector will be useful in measuring the 14 MeV neutron emission with trace concentrations of tritium in a predominately deuterium plasma during early experiments in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) or the Joint European Torus (JET).
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29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors

Carbon plasma gun

C. W. Mendel, D. M. Zagar, G. S. Mills, S. Humphries, and S. A. Goldstein

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1641 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136139 (4 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A family of plasma guns supplying highly ionized carbon plasma is described. The guns are simple and inexpensive to construct and are pulsed by small capacitor banks of a few hundred joules. The output consists of 1017–1018 multiply ionized carbon ions traveling at about 107 cm/s. Neutral output is very low and arrives well after the ionized carbon. The guns and pulsers are very reliable.
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52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components

Voltage and current sensors for a high‐density z‐pinch experiment

C. A. Ekdahl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1645 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136140 (4 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Capacitively‐coupled transmission‐line voltage sensors and inductive‐shunt current sensors used in experiments with a high‐density gas‐embedded z pinch have provided accurate and reliable measurements. Design and construction of these sensors is described, and their calibration is discussed in detail.
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52.55.Ez Theta pinch
28.52.-s Fusion reactors

Capacitively‐coupled inductive sensors for measurements of pulsed currents and pulsed magnetic fields

C. A. Ekdahl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1649 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136141 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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In experiments involving pulsed high magnetic fields the appearance of the full induced voltage at the output terminals of large‐area inductive sensors such as diamagnetic loops and Rogowski belts imposes severe requirements on the insulation near the output. Capacitive detection of the inductive‐sensor output voltage provides an ideal geometry for high‐voltage insulation, and also accomplishes the necessary voltage division. An inductive‐shunt current monitor was designed to utilize the capacitive‐detection principle. The contruction of this device and its performance are described in this paper.
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07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components

Feedback‐stabilized dual‐beam laser interferometer for plasma measurements

Akio Yasuda, Yasufumi Kanai, Junzo Kusunoki, Kazuo Kawahata, and Susumu Takeda

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1652 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136142 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A stabilized laser interferometer is proposed with two beams as the light source. The fringe shift for a 0.63 μm beam of a He–Ne laser is used to stabilize the interferometer against the effect of mechanical vibrations via a feedback controlled speaker coil, while another beam of 3.39 μm, for which consequently the effect of the mechanical vibrations is excluded, is used to measure the plasma density. A stability of ∼1/500 of one fringe for 0.63 μm is obtained during a long period for frequencies lower than a few Hz. The stability for higher frequencies is limited to ∼1/30 of one fringe for 0.63 μm, which correspondes to ∼1/200 of one fringe for 3.39 μm, by the acoustic noise picked up by the speaker coil. Furthermore, the total accuracy is limited by the detector noise to ∼1/60 of one fringe for 3.39 μm, which corresponds to a line electron density of ∼5×1014 cm−2. The detector noise may be reduced by cooling the detector. The advantage of this technique over the single‐laser technique is that the frequency response of the interferometer extends down to zero frequency. The interferometer is tested with the measurement of a plasma in a dynamic magnetic arcjet. Since the effect of the neutral gas background is reduced in the present interferometer, the application has an advantage for the diagnostics of plasmas produced in high pressure gases.
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52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
07.60.Ly Interferometers
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers

Synchronized actively mode‐locked short pulse ruby laser

F. Martin, B. Grek, and H. Pépin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1656 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136143 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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An actively mode‐locked, Q‐controlled ruby laser has been developed which produces high‐intensity (1.5 GW/cm2) 35 ps pulses synchronized to better than 100 ps with an event produced by another mode‐locked laser.
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42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Simple laser power‐monitor for use with moderate power infrared lasers

Lloyd J. Hendricks

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1659 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136144 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A simple, inexpensive yet reliable power monitoring device for power levels of 1–10 W in the infrared is described. The monitor uses a thin foil of refractory material to convert the infrared radiation to visible radiation, where the power may be determined by a conventional visible light photometric device.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Doppler velocimeter for laser accelerated targets

S. P. Obenschain, E. A. McLean, and S. H. Gold

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1661 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136145 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A doppler velocimeter utilizing a spectrograph and a short‐pulse laser probe is described which provides good spatial (20 μm) and subnanosecond temporal resolution. This system has been used to measure the velocity profiles of targets ablatively accelerated to very high velocities by a high‐power laser beam. In comparison to systems employing interferometric techniques, this velocimeter significantly relaxes requirements on the target surface being examined and the time resolution needed to measure velocities of rapidly accelerating surfaces.
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06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena

Stabilizing feedback system for synchrotron radiation monochromators

D. Mills and V. Pollock

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1664 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136146 (5 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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We have designed and constructed a feedback system that will maintain the angle between two x‐ray diffracting crystals. The system was designed for use in conjunction with a double crystal synchrotron radiation monochromator at CHESS and will preserve the relative angle between crystals during energy scans and as a function of time for a fixed wavelength. A voltage proportional to the slope of the rocking curve is used as the feedback signal. This signal is normalized in such a way that the time dependence of the incident beam intensity is removed. The feedback system allows one to sit not only at the peak of the rocking curve, but also on the flanks, an aspect crucial when utilizing the harmonic rejection properties of the double crystal monochromator.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments

Application of a directly exposed self‐scanning photodiode array as a linear position sensitive detector in a small‐angle x‐ray scattering instrument

C. S. Borso and S. S. Danyluk

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1669 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136147 (7 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A linear position sensitive small‐angle x‐ray detector has been developed which utilizes a directly exposed self‐scanning photodiode array cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature to reduce fixed pattern noise. Direct exposure of the array improves the overall sensitivity to 8 keV photons by an order of magnitude over photoconversion techniques. With this improvement in sensitivity, the photodiode array has been effectively used to detect x rays from weakly scattering biological molecules in solution. The slit‐like geometry of the photodector elements ideally matches that of a Kratky collimator employed with a low‐flux x‐ray source to enhance greatly the data collection rate. The detective quantum efficiency and stability of the detector have been determined while taking small‐angle scattering measurements of proteins and the results are quantitatively applied to characterize the performance of the instrument.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments

Electric gun: a versatile tool for high‐pressure shock‐wave research

H. H. Chau, G. Dittbenner, W. W. Hofer, C. A. Honodel, D. J. Steinberg, J. R. Stroud, R. C. Weingart, and R. S. Lee

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1676 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136155 (6 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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We have developed a versatile tool for generating planar shock waves. This system, which we call the electric gun, is capable of projecting thin flyer plates with velocities in the range 1–20 km/s. It is presently being used in high‐explosives‐initiation experiments and is being developed for equation‐of‐state measurements in the 1–5 TPa range. We describe the electric gun facilities that are operational at Lawerence Livermore Laboratory and discuss applications of electric gun technology to problems of interest to shock‐wave researchers.
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62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids

Novel high‐temperature, Na vapor cell

Arthur G. Zajonc

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1682 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136156 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A novel Na vapor cell has been constructed for use at temperatures up to 500 °C. High‐vacuum sapphire‐to‐metal seals have been made without brazing by use of copper gaskets placed between the sapphire windows and kovar compression rings. Careful design of cell dimensions allows for matched thermal expansion rates and thus the vacuum seal maintains its integrity over a very large temperature range (0°–750 °C).
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07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers

High‐performance secondary ion mass spectrometer

R. J. Colton, J. E. Campana, T. M. Barlak, J. J. DeCorpo, and J. R. Wyatt

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1685 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136157 (5 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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A high‐performance research‐oriented secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS), based on a double‐focusing mass spectrometer, has been designed, constructed, and evaluated. This instrument is relatively free of some of the instrumental limitations associated with conventional molecular SIMS instrumentation such as energy and mass discrimination. Theoretical design considerations and its construction are discussed. Its performance has been evaluated in various operational modes using a variety of samples and some important instrumental parameters are reported. Finally, the novel and outstanding high‐mass capability of this SIMS instrument is demonstrated.
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07.75.+h Mass spectrometers

Chemical lathe for the efficient preparation of high‐quality surfaces for low‐cycle fatigue

Henry T. Bober and David J. Quesnel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1690 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136138 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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This paper describes a chemical lathe for the efficient preparation of high‐quality surfaces on samples for low‐cycle fatigue testing. The chemically machined gage lengths of samples prepared by this unit are of metallographic quality and free of machining marks and residual stresses. This paper discusses the theory of operation, design, construction, and setup of the chemical lathe. The basic concept of this unit may be readily applied to a variety of specimen geometries employed in other mechanical tests.
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06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)

Simple apparatus for the measurement of thermal diffusivity between 80–500 K using the modified Ångström method

J. W. Vandersande and R. O. Pohl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1694 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136158 (6 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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An apparatus that is capable of measuring thermal diffusivity between 80–500 K using a modified Ångström method is described. The main feature of the apparatus is its simplicity. A detailed description of the equipment and the experimental procedure as well as the difficulties that can be encountered are given. The results of measurements on samples covering a wide range of thermal diffusivities are also given.
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07.20.-n Thermal instruments and apparatus

High‐voltage linear pulse amplifier

P. A. Ekstrom, D. A. Crosby, and K. B. MacAdam

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1700 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136159 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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This linear amplifier employs moderate‐voltage power supplies and components to generate high‐voltage pulses of arbitrary shape on a μs time scale. A linear version of the Marx generator, it is limited to a small duty fraction, but can deliver a large multiple of its supply voltage. Its initial application was generation of specially shaped field–ionization pulses in studies of Rydberg atoms.
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84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits

Signal averager interface between a Biomation 6500 transient recorder and an LSI‐11 microcomputer

L. T. Specht

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1704 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136160 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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This paper describes the design and implementation of a versatile and compact signal averager interface between a Biomation 6500 transient recorder and an LSI‐11 microcomputer. The design allows for fast signal averaging in excess of 1 kHz and is also easily software configurable and controllable. This permits the rapid recovery of high‐speed waveforms at a minimum sampling time of 2 ns (500 MHz sampling rate). The interface has been incorporated into an LSI‐11 system using the RT‐11 V3B operating system and found to perform very satisfactorily.
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07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation

General purpose talking laboratory instrument for the visually handicapped

Alger Salt, David Lunney, and Richard Hartness

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1710 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136161 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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The instrument described here was designed as a laboratory aid for the visually handicapped. It is basically a 3 1/2‐digit multimeter with speech output; however, it has added functions which extend its usefulness beyond the ability to measure the usual ranges of ac and dc voltage and current. The device can function as a thermometer, a pH meter, a 6‐digit timer, and an events counter. Two voltage‐to‐frequency (V/F) converters make it useful as an audible comparator and peak detector. An integrator is realized by using the counter to count the pulse train from a V/F converter which monitors the input signal. A low‐level differential channel is provided for interfacing to instruments with recorder outputs, such as gas chromatographs. Spoken values of measured quantities are accompanied by sign, decimal point, and units. The instrument can also interface with other digital devices through 42 lines of parallel digital input–output. It can convert seven parallel BCD digits into speech or it can output BCD data from its counter or converter to a microcomputer.
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43.70.Jt Instrumentation and methodology for speech production research
43.38.+n Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components

Crossed TM110 bimodal cavity for measurement of dispersion electron paramagnetic resonance and saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance signals for biological materials

C. Mailer, H. Thomann, B. H. Robinson, and L. R. Dalton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1714 (1980); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136162 (8 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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When commercial reflection cavities are utilized for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments at high‐microwave field intensities or for saturation transfer–electron paramagnetic resonance (ST–EPR) measurements, dispersion signals exhibit substantially worse signal‐to‐noise than absorption signals due to the increased sensitivity of the former to source frequency modulation noise. The development and testing of a TM110×TM110 bimodal cavity which completely eliminates the source noise problem is described. This cavity is used to obtain EPR and ST–EPR spectra of a variety of commonly encountered spin‐labeled biological samples. When samples are contained in capillary tubes, this TM110×TM110 cavity often permits the realization of better signal‐to‐noise than can be obtained with commercial reflection cavities.
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76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
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