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Dec 1978

Volume 49, Issue 12, pp. 1617-1751

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Internal calibration to absolute values in flowthrough particle size analysis

W. G. Eisert and M. Nezel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1617 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135357 (5 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Using a double‐beam technique, a laser flowthrough microphotometer is described that allows internal calibrated size measurements of particles and suspension without the need of reference measurements. Nonspherical particles are oriented in a single file and their longest axes are measured by light absorption analysis. Additional information may be derived from light scattering. The size range is limited only by the flow system, and spans from 2 to 300 μm within a single measurement at the present design. Particle and cell analysis can exceed the rate of 100 000/s. Latex microspheres were analyzed and the data compared to that from microscopic examination. An example of the cell classification obtainable is given for stored human blood.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
06.20.F- Units and standards
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)

Low‐dissipation tunable rf preamplifier for low temperature NMR applications

H. R. Wampach and N. S. Sullivan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1622 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135358 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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We describe a simple circuit which can be used as an impedance matching device to improve the S/N ratio when lossy cables must be used in low‐temperature NMR experiments. The total dissipation is less than 2 mW and the circuit operates satisfactorily down to 1.5 K. The only tuned circuit is the nuclear resonance circuit which incorporates GaAs (P) diodes which can be tuned remotely.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Continuously recording refractive index spectrograph for transparent and opaque insulators and semiconductors

K. Enke and W. Tolksdorf

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1625 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135359 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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An apparatus is described which enables the user to measure continuous refractive index spectra of opaque and transparent optically flat samples. The method of measurement is based on finding the Brewster’s angle βB of the sample. By modulating the angle of light incidence, the output signal of a lock‐in amplifier, tuned to the modulation frequency, changes sign abruptly at βB. The lock‐in signal is applied to a dc motor which drives a goniometer in that way that the sample is continually held at βB. Provided that the sample extinction coefficient k≲0.5, the accuracy of the refractive index measurements is better than 1%, or even 0.1% where k≈0.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation

Coupled Marx–Tesla circuit for production of intense relativistic electron beams

A. Luches and A. Perrone

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1629 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135360 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A two‐stage Marx circuit was built and is used to multiply the input energy of our Tesla resonant transformer accelerator without missing resonance conditions. The present output characteristics of our coupled Marx–Tesla circuit are compared to those of the previous Tesla transformer. With the same input voltage and cathode to anode distance, we succeeded in doubling output voltage and current of the beam.
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41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables

High‐power, high‐repetition rate pulser for photo‐impulse ionized lasers

V. E. Merchant, H. J. J. Seguin, and J. Dow

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1631 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135361 (6 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The design and operational parameters of a high‐power pulser suitable for a photo‐impulse ionized laser are presented. The relatively compact device utilizes a ceramic thyratron in a triggered resonant charging circuit. Efficient operation at repetition rates up to 40 kHz, with pulsed powers in excess of 2 MW and average powers of several kilowats has been achieved.
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07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Nanosecond gating of an optical multichannel analyzer

G. F. Albrecht, E. Källne, and J. Meyer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1637 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135362 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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An optical gating pulse of 30 ns width combined with an electronic gating pulse of 50 ns width has been found to give a near perfect performance of a gated silicon intensified vidicon detector. The magnification as well as the focusing properties are found to be close to the real‐time behavior and the small changes that do occur in the gated mode can be corrected for in the data analysis.
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06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices

Grazing incidence spectrograph–monochromator for xuv spectroscopy in the 5–900 Å region

A. M. Malvezzi and G. Tondello

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1642 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135336 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A combination grazing incidence spectrograph for photographic recording and scanning monochromator has been realized. The instrument is of a modular concept and all the internal components like the grating, the plateholder, and the scanning exit slit are easily removable. The radius of curvature of the Rowland cylinder can also be easily changed. The entrance beam is always kept fixed in position and direction, allowing the instrument to be permanently aligned with fixed light sources. The vacuum case is mechanically independent from the optical components.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers

Parts‐per‐million water vapor generating system used to simulate moisture in small integrated circuit packages

Johnny L. Hartley

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1647 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135337 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A simple, portable system has been developed and tested for generating a known water–vapor content is selected permanent gases or gas mixtures. Parts‐per‐million values ranging from 250 to 20 000 are generated in a continuous flowing stream at flowrates ranging from 50 to 200 cm3/min. A known volume of the flowing gas can be selected to simulate the internal free volume and internal pressure of hermetically sealed packages as small as 0.04 cm3. By using a variety of available connectors, the selected volume of gas may be transferred into the inlet system of a mass spectrometer for water–vapor calibration. Generator stabilizing time and upper flowrate limits are given along with test results when compared to a Transfer Humidity Standard.
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07.07.Vx Hygrometers; hygrometry
07.75.+h Mass spectrometers

Electronic micropositioning with ferroelastic–ferroelectrics

R. A. Lemons and L. A. Coldren

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1650 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135338 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The change in crystal shape which accompanies domain wall motion in a coupled ferroelastic–ferroelectric crystal such as β‐gadolinium molybdate can be utilized for precise micropositioning under electronic control. The displacement available from such a crystal is 10 to 100 times greater than a piezoelectric element of similar dimensions can provide.
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06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity

Mass/thickness detector employing inexpensive integrated circuits

H. A. Ashworth and L. W. Shacklette

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1653 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135339 (5 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Modern integrated circuits have made possible the construction of a simple and inexpensive quartz crystal mass/thickness monitor having high sensitivity and good resolution. We have constructed such a thickness monitor having a resolution of 0.1 nm for evaporated lead films. This same device can also be readily made to function as a microbalance capable of resolving mass changes as small as 1 ng.
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06.30.Dr Mass and density
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology

Development of a laboratory EXAFS facility

G. S. Knapp, Haydn Chen, and T. E. Klippert

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1658 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135340 (9 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The EXAFS technique is a powerful new structural tool, particularly useful for studies of disordered or otherwise complex materials for which x‐ray diffraction techniques are difficult or unfeasible. At the present time, most EXAFS experiments are carried out at a synchrotron facility because of the larger fluxes available. We have developed an in‐laboratory apparatus utilizing a focusing crystal technique which increases available fluxes two to three orders of magnitude over previous laboratory facilities, so that EXAFS measurements can be carried out quickly and accurately in the laboratory. We will discuss the principles of the focusing monochromator and we will also illustrate the experimental method with examples, including studies of chemical solutions, defect crystalline solids, and high‐temperature superconductors.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
82.80.Dx Analytical methods involving electronic spectroscopy
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods

X‐ray reflectometer for optical efficiency and scatter measurements

J. M. Reynolds, S. A. Fields, and R. L. Holland

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1667 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135341 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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An instrument has been developed to determine the reflection efficiency and scatter characteristics of optical samples at x‐ray wavelengths from 1.5 to 113 Å. The reflectometer operates in an oil‐free vacuum chamber and measures the reflection efficiency and scatter characteristics as a function of the angle of incidence. The reflection efficiency is given for λ=8.34 Å incident on a fused silica sample finished to a flatness of λ/10. The experimental reflection efficiency is compared to the theoretical data. The scatter curves are given for the direct x‐ray beam and for the beam reflected from the fused silica sample at ϑ=50 arc minutes. The full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) resolution of the instrument is approximately 13 arc seconds as determined by a least‐squares smoothing of the experimental data.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments

Continuous radon concentration monitoring

LeConte Cathey

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1670 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135342 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The use of ionization chambers to continuously monitor the concentration of radon dissolved in ground water is described. In one case, air is bubbled through the water sample to strip the radon into the chamber. In a second operating mode, the sample water itself is flowed through the chamber. Support electronics systems are described for remote and urban applications.
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89.60.-k Environmental studies
29.40.-n Radiation detectors

Simple cell for the measurement of the radio frequency electrical properties of earth materials

F. S. Chute, M. R. Cervenan, and F. E. Vermeulen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1675 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135343 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The design of a simple cell for determining the radio frequency electrical properties of earth materials is described. Basically, the cell consists of a coaxial sample holder fitted with electric and magnetic field probes. When excited as a section of transmission line the induced probe voltages are related in a straightforward manner to the electrical properties of the sample. The device is intended for use with a vector voltmeter which permits the direct and simultaneous measurement of the relative amplitudes and phases of these probe voltages. The cell permits the accurate and rapid determination of the conductivity and dielectric constant of earth materials over the frequency range 1 MHz–1 GHz, without the tedious and time consuming procedures associated with the bridge and slotted line techniques commonly used in this frequency range.
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06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components

Modified apparatus for low temperature/high pressure Mössbauer absorber studies

C. M. Liu and R. Ingalls

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1680 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135344 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A method is described in which a system designed to study Mössbauer sources as a function of pressure and temperature is modified to include absorbers as well. This is accomplished by coupling the Mössbauer source, mounted inside a cryostat, to an external transducer by means of a bellows. In addition, a simple modification has converted an existing helium Dewar to a dynamic gas flow cryostat. Temperature can be continuously varied from 300 to 20 K at pressures up to 200 kilobars.
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76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells

Prism beamswitch for radio telescopes

J. M. Payne and B. L. Ulich

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1682 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135345 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A dielectric prism and switching mechanism have been constructed for beamswitching a Cassegrain radio telescope. Spatially extended radio sources may be mapped without significant confusion utilizing the sensitivity and stability inherent in the conventional Dicke radiometer.
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95.55.Jz Radio telescopes and instrumentation; heterodyne receivers

Temperature‐compensated induction extensometer

A. R. Yazdi, W. E. Deeds, and C. V. Dodd

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1684 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135346 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A linear displacement transducer, or extensometer, has been designed and constructed to measure displacements over a range of 0–150 mm. The transducer works by electromagnetic induction and consists of a bifilar coil coaxial with two conducting cylinders, one inside and the other outside the coil. The induction extensometer has been designed to eliminate errors caused by temperature changes from 0° to 1000°C. Experimental measurements show an error of 1 mm over the 150‐mm displacement range for a temperature change of 500°C, and the error should not be larger over the full 1000°C temperature range. The displacement range can be varied from 2.5 to 250 mm by scaling the entire experiment up or down, and the temperature compensation can be made for any temperature range that is compatible with the constructional materials.
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06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)

Improved resolution in fixed‐wavelength photoelectron–photoion coincidence spectroscopy

J. H. D. Eland

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1688 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135347 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The paper describes a technique of extraction‐field pulsing, whereby the energy resolution in fixed‐wavelength photoelectron–photoion coincidence spectroscopy can be substantially improved and extended light sources can be used.
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33.60.+q Photoelectron spectra

Multichannel audio monitor for detecting electrical signals

W. Otto Friesen and Gunther S. Stent

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1691 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135348 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The multichannel audio monitor (MUCAM) permits the simultaneous auditory monitoring of concurrent trains of electrical signals generated by as many as eight different sources. The basic working principle of this device is the modulation of the amplitude of a given pure tone by the incoming signals of each input channel. The MUCAM thus converts a complex, multchannel, temporal signal sequence into a musical melody suitable for instant, subliminal pattern analysis by the human ear. Neurophysiological experiments requiring multi‐electrode recordings have provided one useful application of the MUCAM.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation

Microprocessor assisted real‐time harmonic analysis by minicomputer

T. G. Matheson and R. J. Higgins

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1694 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135349 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A real‐time signal averaging and harmonic analysis technique for low audio frequency waveforms is described that, although based on based on earlier software emulations of lock‐in detection instruments, eliminates problems inherent in the earlier systems. Parallel processing is employed between a data acquisition minicomputer (HP‐2116B) and a microcomputer (Z‐80) to (1) replace an earlier chopper‐type lock‐in algorithm with a coherent Fourier transform, (2) digitally produce a pure (0.01% THD) modulation sine wave, (3) simplify system tune‐up, and (4) produce a high‐quality, flicker‐free, real‐time display of the averaged waveform and its harmonic content.
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07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities

Electrical noise measurements using a microprocessor‐based system

L. F. Pender and H. J. Wintle

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1698 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135350 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A microprocessor‐based system for measuring low‐frequency (less than 100 Hz) electrical noise power spectra is described. The main function of the microprocessor was to determine the noise autocorrelation function using simple ’’one bit’’ autocorrelation arithmetic, subsequent Fourier transformation to find the power spectra being done on a larger computer. Given that such larger computing facilities already exist, this system is much less expensive than more conventional analogue techniques. We illustrate the way in which this system was implemented to measure current noise in insulating polymers.
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07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components

Real‐time phase microscopy using a phase‐lock interferometer

Dennis C. Leiner and Duncan T. Moore

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1702 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135351 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A phase‐lock interference microscope (PLIM) has been designed and constructed. The instrument measures optical phase in real time with analog output voltages proportional to phase and position. The PLIM has been used to measure gradient index profiles in optical fibers, wall thicknesses of microballoons for laser induced fusion, the phase of biological specimens, and the surface finish of optical surfaces. The peak‐to‐peak noise of the instrument is λ/50.
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07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes
07.60.Ly Interferometers

Two‐way ESR cavity for magnetic‐ and electric‐dipole transitions

Isao Suzuki, Yoshihisa Kaneko, and Takamitsu Yamamoto

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1706 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135352 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A two‐way ESR cavity for magnetic dipole transition (MDT) and electric dipole transition (EDT) was manufactured. There are two openings to fit the sample cell for MDT or EDT in the cylindrical TE011 mode. One opening is located on the axis of the cavity and the other is located away from the axis. The ESR spectra of the mixture of oxygen and nitrogen oxide obtained when the sample cell was inserted in each of the openings showed the selective transition of the MDT or of the EDT of the species.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Compact sensitive instrument for direct ultrasonic visualization of defects

Y. Bar‐Cohen, B. Ben‐Joseph, and E. Harnik

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1709 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135353 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A simple ultrasonic imaging cell based on the confocal combination of a plano‐concave lens and a concave spherical mirror is described. When used in conjuction with a stroboscopic schlieren visualization system, it has the main attributes of a practical nondestructive testing instrument: it is compact, relatively inexpensive, and simple to operate; its sensitivity is fair, resolution and fidelity are good; it has a fairly large field of view and a test piece can be readily scanned. The scope of its applicability is described and discussed.
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81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis
43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques
43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography

Broadband and low insertion loss Stark cell for microwave spectroscopy

Jean‐Marie Thiebaut and Georges Roussy

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1712 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135354 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A groove guide cell for Stark modulation spectroscopy has been constructed and tested. This structure with quasi‐unique mode propagation between two isolated plates is well adaped to application of a modulation voltage. The insertion losses are low (0.6 dB for a 3‐m‐long cell, and R band) and the cell is free of internal reflection. A metallic casing inclosing the plates acts as a shield against electrical interference, prevents low‐voltage breakdown, and reduces wall adsorption of the gas. The performance of the cell is not affected by temperature variation (−80 ° to 25 °C). A high sensitivity has been obtained by converting the cell into a 3‐m‐long, high‐Q cavity. This type of cell appears to particularly recommend itself for use in intensity measurements, broadband spectroscopy, analytical studies, and high frequency range work.
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33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra
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