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Mar 1977

Volume 48, Issue 3, pp. 209-365

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X‐ray streak camera for observation of tightly pinched relativistic electron beams

David J. Johnson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 209 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135010 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A pinhole camera is coupled with a Pilot‐B scintillator and image‐intensified TRW streak camera to study pinched electron beam profiles via observation of anode target bremsstrahlung. Streak intensification is achieved with an EMI image intensifier operated at a gain of up to 106 which allows optimizing the pinhole configuration so that resolution is simultaneously limited by photon‐counting statistics and pinhole geometry. The pinhole used is one‐dimensional and is fabricated by inserting uranium shims with hyperbolic curved edges between two 5‐cm‐thick lead blocks. The loss of spatial resolution due to the x‐ray transmission through the perimeter of the pinhole is calculated and a streak photograph of a Gamble I pinched beam interacting with a brass anode is presented.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
29.27.Eg Beam handling; beam transport

Moderate‐accuracy interferometer for speed of sound measurement in liquids

Michael L. McCartney and Gilbert Drouin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 214 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135011 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Inexpensive, integrated‐circuit phase‐locked loops are used in the design of an acoustic interferometer for speed of sound measurement in 1 liter quantities of liquids. At atmospheric pressure and within a temperature range of 20–40 °C an error band of 0.03% is predicted and achieved with distilled water.
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07.60.Ly Interferometers
62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids

Adaptation of an ion microprobe for ion bombardment of liquid metals

Albert K. Fischer, David V. Steidl, and Carl E. Johnson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 219 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135019 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A technique involving a new substage assembly was developed to permit an ion microprobe mass analyzer (IMMA) to be used as an ion bombardment facility for molten metals (lithium) without harm to the instrument from the hot, reactive samples.
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07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
28.52.-s Fusion reactors

Spectrograph suitable for the mass and energy analysis of space plasmas over the energy range 0.1–10 keV

T. E. Moore

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 221 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135032 (5 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The design and performance of a small, high resolution ion mass–energy spectrograph are described. By utilizing a second‐order double‐focusing field geometry, mass resolution sufficient to separate energetic space plasma ions such as C+, N+, and O+ has been achieved. The instrument responds to ions over a wide range of parameters (0.1–10 keV, 1–200 amu) and has a sufficient sensitivity for rocket or satellite measurements of space plasma ion populations (geometric factor ∼10−4E0 cm2 sr keV). Sample mass spectra are displayed to show the laboratory prototype’s response to artificially generated beams containing a variety of energetic ions. Plans for future development are briefly discussed.
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07.75.+h Mass spectrometers
52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges (restricted to new topics in section 52)

Time‐of‐flight velocity selection using pulsed tunable laser fluorescence detection

Louise Pasternack and Paul J. Dagdigian

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 226 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135020 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A time‐of‐flight velocity selection method utilizing pulsed tunable laser fluorescence detection is described. The flight time is determined by the delay between the time when a pulse of particles is let through a chopper slit and when a pulsed dye laser is fired. The method is illustrated by velocity analyses of the Na thermal decomposition product in a NaCl beam and of a Ca atomic beam.
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34.50.Lf Chemical reactions
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra

Dialable ampere current source with ovenless construction and ppm/h stability

C. B. Norris and D. T. Stuart

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 229 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134994 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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This paper describes the design and construction of a highly stable, dialable current source developed for use with an electron beam transport system. The current regulator is ovenless and employs thermal feedback to cancel effects of ambient temperature variation and self‐heating in the current‐sensing resistor. The regulator is of modular design and incorporates remote control features to facilitate use in applications requiring many current channels. The output current can be modulated to permit Monte Carlo beam optimization. The output stability is better than ±1 ppm/h at an output current of 1 A, in an environment subject to ±1 °C temperature variation, measured using instrumentation having a nominal stability of ±1.5 ppm/h.
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84.30.-r Electronic circuits
41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams

High energy ion analyzer for laser‐produced plasma studies

R. Decoste and B. H. Ripin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 232 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134995 (5 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A simple electrostatic‐deflection multichannel time‐of‐flight ion analyzer optimized to study high energy ion species from laser‐produced plasmas is described. For this application moderate species and energy resolution over a wide dynamic energy range is desirable. The analyzer was designed to achieve a dynamic energy range from 1 to 1000 keV with a 15 kV power supply. Design considerations are presented together with some typical experimental results.
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52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)

Transient capacitance deep level spectrometry instrumentation

M. D. Miller and D. R. Patterson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 237 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134996 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Instrumentation is described which allows rapid, sensitive survey measurements of deep impurities in semiconductors by monitoring the temperature dependence of the capacitance transient arising from pulsed reverse bias of a p–n junction or Schottky barrier.
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85.30.-z Semiconductor devices
61.72.sd Impurity concentration
61.72.sh Impurity distribution
61.72.sm Impurity gradients
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components

Baseline corrector for boxcar integrator instruments and its application to plasma chromatography

P. A. Lawless and G. E. Spangler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 240 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134997 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A circuit is described for correcting the baseline drift of boxcar integrator instruments, specifically a plasma chromatograph. The circuit is divided into three parts: timing, modulation, an demodulation. The timing circuit derives a trigger pulse and a low‐frequency modulation pulse from the power line frequency. The modulation circuit imposes external gate‐time determination on the internal timing of the plasma chromatograph. The demodulation circuit uses voltage‐to‐frequency conversion and multichannel scaling. The technique is general and useful for other drifting baseline situations.
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07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation

Optical interferometry in liquids at high pressures to 14 kilobars

K. Vedam and Pichet Limsuwan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 245 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134998 (2 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A high‐pressure liquid cell interferometer to measure the variation of refractive index of liquids with pressure to 14 kilobars is described. The amount of liquid needed is only 3 cm3. Data obtained on n‐hexane and n‐pentane are presented.
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78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
07.60.Ly Interferometers
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells

DFVLR mobile lidar system

Christian Werner and Hartmut Herrmann

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 247 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134999 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A mobile lidar was constructed for smokestack emission measurements. The containerizing of the ruby lidar is described, as well as the data acquisition system and the lidar itself.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution
42.68.Ge Effects of clouds and water; ice crystal phenomena
42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution

Field ionization device used for measuring the pulse height defect of He+ in silicon

C. C. Curtis and K. C. Hsieh

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 252 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135000 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A neutral particle detector using field ionization and cooled solid state detectors provides a means to study the pulse height defect of low energy He+ ions in silicon.
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29.40.-n Radiation detectors
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption

Technique for producing uniform charged drops of cryogenic liquids

J. P. Woosley and R. J. Turnbull

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 254 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135001 (7 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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We have investigated and developed a reliable method to produce uniformly charged liquid nitrogen drops. An apparatus has been built which is capable of producing and charging drops in the 200 μ diameter range. Rayleigh’s method of uniform droplet production, which consists of breaking up a smooth liquid jet into uniform drops by an acoustic wave, is used. The diameter of the drops is controlled by the inside diameter of the nozzle and the frequency of the acoustic wave. Charges injected into the jet through field emission or field ionization subsequently end up on the drops, thereby producing uniformly charged drops. The charge per drop is determined by the amount of charge injected into the jet and by the number of drops produced per second. The maximum charge which could be placed on a single drop without impairing its integrity was one‐fifth of its Rayleigh limit. The method described here could be applied to other insulating cryogenic liquids such as liquid hydrogen.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Medium pressure diffusion plasma column in a coaxial cold cathode discharge

Sin‐Li Chen and M. Kamitsuma

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 261 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135002 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A quiet homogeneous cylindrical plasma column is produced by using a coaxial diffusion discharge tube at medium pressure (0.1–10 Torr) with a cold cathode dc discharge. The basic characteristics of this plasma are checked by an electrostatic probe. By varying the gas pressure and input power, electron densities can be obtained from 106 to 1011 cm−3, and electron temperatures from 0.1 to a few eV. Using this plasma source, the advantage to the probe experiment is shown, and the possibility for time‐independent measurements of the volume recombination coefficient is suggested.
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52.80.Hc Glow; corona
52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements

Gas phase electrochromism studies in the vacuum ultraviolet

G. C. Causley, John D. Scott, and B. R. Russell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 264 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135003 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An instrument and technique have been developed for the measurement of medium‐resolution electrochromism spectra of gas phase samples in the ultraviolet spectral region from 300.0 to 165.0 nm. The primary result of studies utilizing this method is the difference in dipole moment between the ground state and an excited state of a molecule. The electrochromism spectrum of aniline is presented for the B2←A1 (π∗←π) transition at 293.84 nm. The absolute value of the change in dipole moment for this transition is ‖1.25±0.30‖ D, which compares favorably with the value of ‖0.92±0.10‖ D reported from Stark field studies of a high‐resolution spectrum. The primary advantage of of the technique is that it allows the determination of dipole moment changes associated with excited states, even when resolved rotational structure cannot be obtained.
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33.55.+b Optical activity and dichroism
33.57.+c Magneto-optical and electro-optical spectra and effects
33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility
33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra

Homogeneous rf field delay line probe for pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance

I. J. Lowe and D. W. Whitson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 268 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135004 (7 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The analysis of delay line coils for use in pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, as carried out by Lowe and Engelsberg, is extended to include magnetic coupling between coil sections. The predicted cutoff frequency for the delay line is found to be considerably extended, and this is experimentally verified. The rf magnetic field distribution is theoretically analyzed for the case of a wide flat coil. The conclusion is that the field should be relatively homogeneous as long as the coil thickness is much smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave traveling down the coil axis. Several different flat coil designs using distributed capacitance are then described, along with operating characteristics of constructed models. The most successful model had a time delay of 20 nsec and a measured inhomogeneity of 4% at 60 MHz.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Interferometric laser technique for accurate velocity measurement in shock wave physics

M. Durand, P. Laharrague, P. Lalle, A. Le Bihan, J. Morvan, and H. Pujols

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 275 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135005 (4 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An interferometric system for continuously measuring specimen velocity is described. The Döppler shift of a laser beam reflected from the specimen’s free surface is transformed into a variation of the diameter of Fabry–Perot interference rings, and the evolution of the diameter versus time is continuously recorded by a streak camera. Two examples of the use of this system for study of shock waves are given to show the accuracy of this device.
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06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock waves
07.60.Ly Interferometers
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation

Chemically enhanced opening switch for generating high‐voltage pulses

M. Friedman and M. Ury

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 279 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135006 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new approach to the problem of developing an opening switch is described. The switch (fuse) consists of an aluminum foil immersed in water. Heat transfer processes and chemical reactions between the Al and water determine switch performance. Six kilojoules of electrical energy were handled by the switch, and voltages of up to 100 kV were generated across the switch electrodes.
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84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches

Conversion of an E−3 ESR spectrometer to 1‐MHz field modulation

G. E. Smith, R. E. Blankenship, and M. P. Klein

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 282 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135007 (5 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Conversion of Varian E−3 spectrometer to 1−MHz magnetic field modulation is described. The Normal 100−kHz mode of operation of the instrument is not affected by the modifications. The system has an overall response time jof approximately 2 μsec, and has senstivity comparable to the 100−kHz receiver under similar conditions.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)

Laboratory instrument for measuring electrical conductivity in stratified NaCl solutions

D. M. Sheppard and H. W. Doddington

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 287 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135008 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A high‐resolution instrument for measuring electrical conductivity in NaCl solutions with concentration gradients is presented. The output from this instrument along with local temperature measurements allow the determination of local NaCl concentratin and mass density. This instrument is presently being used for laboratory investigations of density‐stratified fluids.
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07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy (restricted to new topics in section 07)

Low‐temperature thin graphite film thermometers

B. Dodson, T. Low, and J. Mochel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 290 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135009 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Thin films of colloidal graphite (typically 1 μm), applied in spray aerosol form, have been tested for use as thermometers below 4 K. These thermometers are easily fabricated, have good low‐temperature stability, an estimated heat capacity of 0.25 erg/K cm2 at 3 K, and a thermal relaxation time limited only by the properties of the substrate.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Preliminary results with microchannel array plates employing curved microchannels to inhibit ion feedback

J. G. Timothy and R. L. Bybee

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 292 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135012 (8 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Microchannel array plates employing curved microchannels to inhibit ion feedback have been obtained for the first time. These plates with J‐ and C‐configuration microchannels have demonstrated performances comparable to those of conventional channel electron multipliers with saturated output pulse‐height distributions and modal gain values in excess of 106 electrons/pulse. The present limitations of the plates are discussed and the improvements required to optimize the performance for photon‐counting detection systems are described.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes

Oscillating sample superconducting magnetometer

M. Cerdonio, F. Mogno, G. L. Romani, C. Messana, and C. Gramaccioni

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 300 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135013 (7 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An oscillating sample version of the superconducting magnetometer has been developed which measures the volume susceptibility of water solutions. Changes in susceptibility as small as 0.3% of the diamagnetism of water, or 2×10−9 cgs, have been resolved in the same run over the temperature range between 30 K and room temperature on magnetically dilute solution samples of 0.1 cm3 volume. The reproducibility of the instrument between different runs in measuring the absolute value of the magnetic susceptibility is 2% of the diamagnetism of water, or 1.5×10−8 cgs. By the combined use of the present method and the previous version it has been possible to measure the temperature dependence of the molar density of ice between 150 K and the melting point.
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07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
85.25.-j Superconducting devices

Electromechanical high‐pressure torsion apparatus

K. D. Pae and A. A. Silano

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 307 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135014 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An apparatus for carrying out torsional shear tests of polymers under hydrostatic pressure environment at variable rotational speeds has been developed and tested. The apparatus is capable of containing pressures up to 7 kilobars and producing rotational speeds to 1000 rpm. A number of important and unique features have been incorporated into the design of the apparatus. The apparatus consists of two interconnected thick‐walled cylinders, one for testing and the other for pressure compensation. The rotation rate is automatically maintained at a constant level throughout a test by a feedback amplifier circuit. The magnitude of the applied torque is detected by a load cell mounted within the torque shaft, unexposed to the pressure medium and unaffected by the friction in the seals. The angular displacement is sensed both internally and externally, respectively, by an electrically activated contact point moving over a toothed wheel mounted on the rotating end of the specimen and by a rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT). The signals from the torsion cell, the rotary contact point, and the RVDT are monitored and recorded by an integrated electronic system. The shear stress–strain diagrams of a polymer, polypropylene (PP), have been obtained at various pressures. The data show the dependence of elastic and plastic behaviors of PP on hydrostatic pressure.
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07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
36.20.-r Macromolecules and polymer molecules

Zener diode dosimeter

T. Tomimasu, T. Yamazaki, and T. Mikado

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 312 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1135015 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The nature of electron‐induced changes in the electrical properties of Zener diodes and their application to a Zener diode dosimeter are presented. A standard Zener diode is used as a small size (0.15×0.4×0.4 mm), high‐level dose detector. The irradiated dose can be estimated by a shift of the breakdown voltage of the Zener diode. The distinct advantages of its small size and superior resistance to radiation damage enable us to measure the cross‐sectional profile of the high‐intensity electron beam from a linac with high spatial resolution of about 0.4 mm.
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29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors
87.53.Bn Dosimetry/exposure assessment
41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)
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