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Dec 1977

Volume 48, Issue 12, pp. 1529-1721

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Standing wave high gradient accelerator structure

Victor A. Vaguine

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1658 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134969 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A novel type of standing wave linear accelerator structure has been developed at Varian Associates, Inc. This accelerator is an interlaced combination of two side‐cavity‐coupled standing wave substructures. An S‐band prototype accelerator guide with two identical substructures and total accelerating length of 10 cm has been built and successfully tested with a 2‐MW magnetron. Significant improvement in maximum permissible accelerating gradient was achieved. Output electron beam energy of 4 MeV and corresponding accelerating gradient of 40 MeV/m were experimentally demonstrated. The stunt impedance of the structure corresponds to 83 MΩ/m.
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29.20.Ej Linear accelerators

New instrument for circular dichroism measurements in the vacuum ultraviolet

Aharon Gedanken and Miriam Levy

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1661 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134970 (4 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new instrument is described for measurements of circular dichrosim (CD) in the vacuum ultraviolet region. A reflecting biotite plate is used as a linear polarizer and enables us to extend the CD measurements to about 1300Å. The CD spectra of d‐camphor and of 3‐methyl cyclopentene are presented.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
33.55.+b Optical activity and dichroism
33.57.+c Magneto-optical and electro-optical spectra and effects

Laser‐monitored electrothinner for preparation of ultrathin metal foils

J. A. Spitznagel and W. J. Choyke

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1665 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134926 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Apparatus and techniques are described which allow the preparation of metal foils several square centimeters in area with thickness as small as 2 μm. The foils retain the microstructure of the 25–50‐μm‐thick starting material and are especially useful in experiments utilizing charged particle bombardment to simulate the effects of fast neutron damage on mechanical, electrical, thermal, and mass transport properties. The thinning rate is controlled by monitoring the transmittance of 6328‐Å light passed through the electrolyte. Intermittent specimen rotation, dc voltage pulsing, and periodic adjustments in electrolyte composition permit reproducible thinning rates with point‐to‐point variations in foil thickness smaller than 20%.
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06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers

Technique for measuring very high surface velocities

Y. Maron

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1668 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134927 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new interferometric technique for measuring displacements of surfaces moving at velocities in the range of a few millimeters per microsecond is presented. The technique is also capable of recording large and rapid velocity variations which are very difficult to measure by known methods. It is based upon monitoring the signal resulting from the interference between two beams reflected from the surface at different incidence angles. Measurement systems for specularly as well as diffusely reflecting surfaces are described. A light source with very modest temporal coherence delivering about 100 mW power is required. The accuracy of the technique is discussed.
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06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
07.60.Ly Interferometers
47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects

Inexpensive portable Cu2S–CdS radiometer

H. M. Windawi

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1673 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134928 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A portable radiometer employing a large area Cu2S–Cds solar cell as the sensing element has been used for the measurements of solar radiation intensity. Its characteristics and calibration are discussed.
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07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion

Rotating ball generator

E. Kunhardt and R. Dollinger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1676 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134929 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A generator which uses a stainless steel ball to transfer a charge between two electrodes has been designed and tested. The generator, known as the RBG, produces very high amplitude, narrow (⩽1‐nsec wide) baseband pulses with variable repetition rate into a 50‐Ω line.
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84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables

Using a pulse height analyzer as an XY recorder: Application to Auger spectroscopy

Daniel J. Dwyer and Robert S. Rodgers

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1678 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134930 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The circuit described provides a simple, novel, and inexpensive (about $50) method of using a multichannel pulse height analyzer to digitize and record an Auger spectrum and to read it out in computer‐compatible form for subsequent data analysis. Other potential uses might include the digitization of ESCA or ESR spectra. The technique is applicable to the recording of any experimental data provided that the experiment response signal is to be recorded against an excitation signal which is changed linearly with time.
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07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components
07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission

High‐resolution pulsed electron beam time‐of‐flight spectrometer

R. E. Kennerly

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1682 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134931 (7 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A time‐of‐flight electron spectrometer employing a microchannel plate detector has been developed for measuring the spectra of electrons ejected from gaseous targets by electron impact. A time‐resolving capability of 240 psec is achieved, allowing energy resolution comparable to the best obtained with electrostatic dispersion analyzers for energies of several eV and below. Examples from the ejected electron spectra of He, Ar, and N2 are presented, demonstrating the intensity, accuracy, and energy resolution. In addition, the relative efficiency of the microchannel plate detector for single electron detection has been measured.
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34.80.-i Electron and positron scattering
29.30.Dn Electron spectroscopy

Effects of A/D converter resolution in signal averaging

Gerald J. Diebold

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1689 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134932 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Signal averaging is investigated for the case of a sample‐and‐sum averager where errors are introduced by the finite amplitude and resolution capabilities of the analog‐to‐digital (A/D) converter. This is a refinement of a previous treatment [R. R. Ernst, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1689 (1965)] where the summed signal is an integrated average over the width of each channel. It is shown that when the noise amplitude is much larger than the least significant digit of the A/D converter the original signal is given back after averaging along with two error voltages—one depending on the resolution, and the other on the maximum allowable input to the A/D converter. The expressions given for the magnitudes of the error voltages show that under most laboratory situations the signal can be recovered with high precision—much greater than the resolution of the A/D converter. Also, a general expression for noise in the time averaged output is derived and evaluated for the case of bandwidth‐limited white noise. The result shows that the signal averaged noise is small for a low resolution A/D converter and approaches a limiting value for a high resolution converter. Finally, these results are applied to the operation of a high resolution digital voltmeter.
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07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation

Magnetic float densimeter for wide range density measurements

Bhajendra Narayan Barman and Zillur Rahim

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1695 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134933 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A magnetic float densimeter capable of measuring density over a wide range of values to within 5 ppm is described. The solenoid of the system consists of a few thousand turns of fine copper wire and the float has been provided with a quickfit joint to change its weight by the addition or subtraction of mercury from inside. There is a micrometer syringe assembly to vary the concentration of the solution. The whole densimetric assembly is placed in a thermostatic air bath. A fixed temperature of the air bath is maintained by a sensitive relay system and the exact temperature of the experimental liquid at the time of measurements can be checked and monitored with the help of a specially designed thermistor probe.
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06.30.Dr Mass and density
06.60.-c Laboratory procedures

On interfacial tension measurement with a spinning drop in gyrostatic equilibrium

C. D. Manning and L. E. Scriven

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1699 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134934 (7 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Depending on operating speed, gyrostatic equilibrium is not approached closely enough for reliable tension measurement. Flow visualization experiments show that virtually rigid rotation gives way to secondary flows around the drop as spin velocity is decreased. Flows are attributable to a gravity‐induced, internal, hydrodynamic shear layer, to a misalignment‐induced Taylor column, to externally excited inertial oscillations, and to mass transfer effects. Bizarre shapes of ultralow tension drops are probably caused by these effects, which should be avoided by design or operation of the instrument. Relevant criteria are given.
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47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

Directional rf probe for measurement of conductivity of flowing plasmas

R. Jayakumar, D. P. Chakravarthy, and V. K. Rohatgi

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1706 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134935 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An electrodeless immersible rf probe for measurement of plasma conductivity in the range 0.01 to 100 mho/m has been designed and fabricated. The probe, with an overall diameter of 11 mm, employs unidirectional electromagnetic field lines which reduce the inaccuracies caused by insertion of the probe in a flowing plasma. In the range studied the probe output shows a linear relationship with the conductivity of the medium. Such probes are of interest in the study of MHD and reentry plasmas.
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52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements

On the use of screw‐fastened joints for thermal contact at low temperatures

M. Manninen and W. Zimmermann

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1710 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134936 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Electrical resistance measurements at 4.2 K on a simple screw‐fastened joint between two pieces of copper indicate the usefulness of such joints for thermal contact down to millikelvin temperatures.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential

Measurements of noise on an electron beam

R. D. Dixon

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1711 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134937 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A technique for observing the noise on an electron beam is presented. The technique involves calculating the Fourier line spectrum from data in the form of x‐ray intensity as a function of time. The results show that noise on the beam is observable in this manner and that the noise associated with the beam parameters (voltage and current) changes as the parameters change.
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41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted to new topics in section 81)

Low‐temperature magnetoresistance of a Speer carbon resistance thermometer

J. R. Thompson and J. O. Thomson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1713 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134938 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The influence of an applied magnetic field on the resistance of a frequently used low‐temperature sensor is described. The fractional change in resistance is negative and follows a simple ’’universal curve’’ up to ∼10 kOe, above which it saturates. The temperature range studied is 0.05–0.012 K, for fields of 0–19 kOe.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Thermal conductivity of an electrically conducting epoxy below 3 K

C. L. Reynolds and A. C. Anderson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1715 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134939 (1 page) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Electronic conduction enhances the thermal conductivity of a commerical silver‐filled epoxy below 0.5 K. When used as a bonding agent between two metals, this epoxy provides improved thermal contact; however, when one or both of the materials to be joined is a dielectric, no advantage is obtained over a pure epoxy joint due to the presence of the thermal boundary resistance.
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81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted to new topics in section 81)
72.20.-i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves

Active thermal compensator for diode laser stabilization on closed‐cycle refrigerators

Donald E. Jennings and John J. Hillman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1716 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134940 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Cycling of a closed‐cycle refrigerator produces temperature oscillations at the cold‐tip which may be 0.5 K peak‐to‐peak. An active diode heater is described which compensates for the varying temperature and reduces the oscillations at the sample to about 0.003 K peak‐to‐peak at 9.5 K.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Bakeable, ultrahigh‐vacuum compatible, retractable contacting mechanism for in situ thin film resistance and superconductivity measurements

D. L. Miller

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1717 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134941 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A bakeable, ultrahigh‐vacuum compatible, retractable four‐point resistance probe has been constructed to make in situ measurements of superconductivity in ultrathin films. A bellows actuation mechanism allows the very compact contacting mechanism to be withdrawn from the substrate area for cleaning and characterization of the substrate surface, then returned for film resistance measurements. The device has been used to make contact to Pb films less than 10 Å thick deposited on high‐resistivity Si substrates, which require a cleaning step that would be destructive to permanent or predeposited contacts.
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07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials
74.78.-w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures

Optical alignment procedure for an unstable resonator high‐power laser

John G. Ackenhusen and Duncan G. Steel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1719 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134942 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A method for aligning the optics of a pulsed high‐power positive branch unstable resonator is described. The procedure relies on the distribution of the output beam and is thus independent of a separate alignment laser, allowing systematic and rapid adjustment.
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42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Cold probe semiconductor type tester

S. Dhar

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1720 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134943 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A simple three‐probe setup is described for the nondestructive testing of the type of high resistivity semiconductors. The apparatus does not require heating of one of the probes and is more reliable and sensitive compared to the instruments already in use.
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72.20.-i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators
07.07.-a General equipment
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