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Nov 1977

Volume 48, Issue 11, pp. 1375-1509

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Calorimeters for measurement of ions, x rays, and scattered radiation in laser‐fusion experiments

Stuart R. Gunn and Viviane C. Rupert

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1375 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134900 (6 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Several types of calorimeters have been developed for measuring ions, x rays, and scattered radiation produced by fusion experiment targets imploded by laser pulses. One version for ions and x rays uses metal absorbers in a differential arrangement to compensate for the small fraction of scattered laser radiation that is also absorbed; the other version uses a glass absorber which transmits most of the scattered laser radiation. The scattered‐radiation calorimeters use a transparent glass shield to remove ions and x rays and colored glass to absorb the radiation.
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07.20.Fw Calorimeters
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
29.40.-n Radiation detectors

Pulsed high‐density source of cesium atoms

David K. Anderson, Douglas W. Jones, and J. D. McCullen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1381 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134901 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new source of high‐density cesium vapor is described. Flash evaporation of a thin cesium layer by means of a xenon flash tube yields atom densities in excess of 1016/cm3 for pulse durations of about 20 μsec. Data are presented for a range of operating parameters.
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64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
37.20.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques

Pressure distribution in the diamond anvil press and the shear strenght of fayalite

Chien‐Min Sung, Christopher Goetze, and Ho‐Kwang Mao

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1386 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134902 (6 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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High‐pressure cells, using opposed diamond anvils, have become an increasingly sophisticated tool for high‐pressure research as the high‐pressure environment within th cell becomes more quantitatively established. We have used the ruby fluorescence technique for measuring pressure to obtain the radial distribution of pressure between the diamond anvils for samples of fayalite (Fe2SiO4). Precompacted specimens appeared to be in a conditon of extrusion, limited by the plastic strength of the fayalite aggregate formed. Specimens which were not precompacted were too thin to show this condition.
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07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
91.60.-x Physical properties of rocks and minerals

Automatic internal friction and modulus measurement apparatus utilizing a phase‐locked loop

H. M. Simpson and A. Sosin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1392 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134903 (5 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An inexpensive apparatus for the continuous and automatic measurement of internal friction and elastic modulus is described. This apparatus is regenerative, maintaining a specimen in resonance at constant amplitude, unless interrupted by the experimenter. A vital component of this system, generally absent in such devices, is a phase‐locked loop.
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances

Double‐pendulum vibration isolator or seismograph

Paul Lorrain

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1397 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134904 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The device consists of a platform suspended by three chains and supporting a short light pendulum whose bob is submerged in an oil bath resting on the floor. The transmissibility curve for the platform is comparable to those of much more elaborate isolators. The transmissibility decreases as the inverse of the frequency squared. One isolator of this type has been in constant use for the past three years.
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93.85.-q Instruments and techniques for geophysical research: Exploration geophysics
91.30.-f Seismology
06.60.-c Laboratory procedures

Diagnostic probe for intense electron beams

V. Nassisi and A. Luches

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1400 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134899 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A diagnostic probe is described for rise time and current of intense electron beams. The probe rise time is lower than 1 ns and currents of hundreds of kA can be recorded. A coaxial calibration fixture was made with a square‐wave pulser to calibrate the probe. Results on its use in an electron beam machine are also given.
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41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables

Rotatable sample holder with voltage readout for low‐temperature experiments

G. R. Ashton, D. K. Hsu, R. G. Leisure, and B. A. Seiber

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1402 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134905 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A rotatable sample holder suitable for use at low temperatures is described. This holder was designed for continuous wave ultrasonic experiments. The rotation mechanism and the angle sensing mechanism are discussed.
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06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques

Impulse response of curved microchannel plate photomultipliers

J. P. Boutot, J. C. Delmotte, J. A. Miehé, and B. Sipp

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1405 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134906 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The temporal characteristics of microchannel plate photodetectors are discussed in the pulse‐saturation and the linear‐amplification modes of the electron multiplier.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Test of flux conservation using a radially resolving diamagnetic loop

K. A. Gerber, D. N. Spector, and J. D. Sethian

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1408 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134907 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A high radial resolution, triple diamagnetic loop is employed to test the validity of magnetic flux conservation in the vacuum chamber of the SEEBIE electron beam–neutral gas interaction experiment.
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51.60.+a Magnetic properties

Method for recording the three‐dimensional trajectory of a luminous pointlike object

G. Indebetouw and T. Tschudi

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1410 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134908 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A simple method to record the three‐dimensional, time‐resolved trajectory of a luminous pointlike object moving in space is presented. The trajectory can easily be calculated from a single photographic record of two superposed images of the moving object formed by two optical systems viewing the object space from different angles. The method could find applications in the field of mechanics (machine control), medicine, or dentistry (design of prostheses).
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06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation

Resolution of a spectrum analyzer under dynamic operating conditions

George D. Tsakiris

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1414 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134909 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The effect of high frequency sweep rate on the resolution bandwidth of a spectrum analyzer is discussed. An analytical treatment of the problem is presented and the cases of a noncausal and a causal resolution filter are compared. The case of a cascaded synchronous single‐tuned amplifier is also examined. The analysis shows that under certain circumstances, the dynamic resolution bandwidth can be used instead of the static one. In this case, the changes introduced by the high frequency sweep rate in the resonance curve of the resolution filter must be taken into consideration.
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07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers

Microcomputer‐based controller for temperature programming the direct inlet probe of a high‐resolution mass spectrometer

Charles L. Pomernacki

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1420 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134910 (8 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A microcomputer‐based temperature controller has been developed which uses the high‐level language basic. The controller dynamically programs the temperature profile of the direct‐inlet probe in a high‐resolution mass spectrometer. Temperature sensing is accomplished using a probe‐mounted thermocouple which feeds a digital thermometer. A microprocessor, executing a digital proportional‐plus‐integral‐plus‐derivative (PID) feedback‐control algorithm in interpretive basic, reads the probe temperature once every second and computes a control action. This action determines a power‐level setting for the probe heater, thus completing the feedback path. The controller has been used for linear‐ramp pyrolysis experiments on the mass spectrometer. Performance curves for the ramp response, as well as for step responses, are exhibited. A steady‐state precision of ±0.1°C is attained. The microcomputer approach is open‐ended in that more complex temperature profiles and control algorithms are achievable by changing the software program. The generality of implementation is sufficient enough to allow its application to other pyrolysis experiments.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities

Linear optics theory of ion beamlet steering

J. H. Whealton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1428 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134911 (2 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Based on the paraxial approximation, a linear optics theory which accounts for steering effects in multibeamlet ion sources is presented. For a triode accelerating structure, the steering is independent of the accel potential and is in the opposite direction to the electrode displacement. For a tetrode, the steering is dependent on the potential distribution and may be in either direction relative to the displacement. With arrangements used for best optics, in tetrodes, the beam steering may be in the opposite direction to that of triodes.
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41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams

Characteristics of a 600‐W convective flow CO laser

D. G. Lim, P. J. Mendoza, and D. B. Cohn

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1430 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134912 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Operating characteristics of a moderate power, convective flow, longitudinal discharge CO laser are presented. Incorporation of a novel electrode geometry has resulted in a highly stable and reliable device, useful as a laboratory tool.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Device for optically exciting XeF and other rare gas excited complexes

A. Mandl and J. J. Ewing

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1434 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134913 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A device is described in which Xe is optically pumped (147 nm) and reacted with NF3 to form XeF. The same apparatus can be used to pump Kr and Ar and thereby form excited rare gas halides, oxides, and sulphides. The device is small, allowing repetitive pulsing and signal averaging techniques to be used.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping

Two‐photon spectrometer based on flashlamp‐pumped dye lasers

V. SethuRaman, G. J. Small, and E. S. Yeung

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1436 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134914 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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We describe here a two‐photon spectrometer that utilizes two independently tuned, flashlamp‐pumped dye lasers, and the associated detection electronics for the determination of the temporal profile of the two lasers (FWHM≈200 ns) and the fluorescence pulse following two‐photon excitation. This spectrometer allows for proper normalization of the observed signal to the laser power. Procedure for the extraction of relative cross sections for two‐photon absorption is described, and a spectrum obtained for a solution of naphthalene in benzene is presented.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
42.62.-b Laser applications

Barrier technique for separate measurement of radon isotopes

W. J. Ward, R. L. Fleischer, and A. Mogro‐Campero

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1440 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134915 (2 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Longer‐lived radioactive isotopes of elements can be separated from a mixture of isotopes in passing from one volume to a second by the use of an appropriate intervening barrier so that the shorter‐lived isotopes decay before reaching the detector. The separation can most effectively be created by use of a membrane; a purely diffusional barrier is also effective. The techniques are demonstrated in experiments with 3.8‐day 222Rn and 56‐s 220Rn.
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28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment

New arrangement for high‐intensity 313‐nm light

Farid E. Ahmed, David C. Robb, and Ronald W. Hart

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1442 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134916 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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We describe a new arrangement high‐intensity 313‐nm light for studies on photolysis of bromodeoxyuridine‐substituted DNA. This device was mainly made of aluminum, except for lamp mounts which were of stainless steel. Water, used for cooling and ventilation depending on convection currents, was essential for optimal operating conditions of the lamps. Two high‐pressure mercury quartz lamps and two bandpass filters were used for selective passage of 313‐nm light. Physical calibration was achieved by using a gas photodiode. Calibration filter sets reduced the intensity of the 313‐nm light below the photodiode saturation level. Manufacturers, suppliers, and specifications are given in the text. This device has the advantages of being comparatively inexpensive, easily constructed and used, and producing 313‐nm light of high intensity.
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42.72.-g Optical sources and standards
82.50.-m Photochemistry

Interface between a Biomation 8100 and a remote computer for data acquisition in TEA‐CO2 laser‐induced photochemistry

S. Bialkowski and W. A. Guillory

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1445 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134917 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The experimental setup for data acquisition in infrared photolysis experiments is described. The data was obtained with a Biomation model 8100 transient recorder interfaced to a remote computer via a serial line. The interface was built from inexpensive parts and the circuit is described in detail. The described method of data acquisition may be used where high rf noise renders conventional multichannel analyzer techniques impractical.
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07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
82.50.-m Photochemistry
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Data smoothing using low‐pass digital filters

J. F. Kaiser and W. A. Reed

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1447 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134918 (11 pages) | Cited 69 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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With the increasing use of computer‐controlled data acquisition systems which record data in digital form, there has developed a need for techniques which perform a general smoothing process on digitized experimental data. This processing enables the experimentalist to eliminate or greatly reduce the amount of high‐frequency noise in order to obtain as accurate and clean representation of the true phenomenon as is consistent with his measurement accuracies. This filtering or smoothing process should be as simple and efficient (least amount of arithmetic per data sample) as is consistent with the experimental situation. The basic concepts of low‐pass filters are discussed and four different low‐pass filter design procedures are described, each with its own particular smoothing properties. These design procedures give directly the coefficients of a symmetrical weighting sequence having the desired passband width and the desired high‐frequency noise rejection. The uses of the filters are illustrated with examples and the fortran code for implementing each of the design procedures is given in an Appendix.
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07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
84.30.Vn Filters

Technique for measuring the differential ion flux vector

Nobie H. Stone

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1458 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134919 (6 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A diagnostic technique is discussed which gives the angle of incidence of a plasma stream, the energy corresponding to the mean velocity of the ions, and the distribution of the ion thermal motion superimposed on the drift. The technique is shown to be operable for low‐energy plasma streams (5–60 eV) and in the presence of multiple plasma streams differing in direction and/or energy. Resolution is better than 3.5° with ∼1% energy spread in the streams. The instrument samples the plasma at a single region in space, independent of the number of plasma streams or their characteristics. The technique was developed to investigate plasma flow interactions in the laboratory. Its capabilities are demonstrated by some preliminary data taken for the case of a long cylindrical body inmersed in a drifting, collisionless plasma.
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52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

Evaluation of a hydrogen chloride detector for enviornmental monitoring

Gerald L. Gregory and Rudolph H. Moyer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1464 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134920 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The paper describes a hydrogen chloride detector designed to monitor concentrations of hydrogen chloride gas in the ambient environment. The detector was developed for NASA for use in launch vehicle effluent monitoring. The detector operates on chemiluminescence principles with a lower detection limit of less than 5×10−3 ppm (by volume). The hydrogen chloride in the air sample reacts with a bromide–bromate coating in the inlet tube of the instrument producing bromine. Bromine is then quantitated by chemiluminescent oxidation of luminol. The visible light generated in the chemiluminescent reaction is proportional to the hydrogen chloride concentration of the sampled airstream. The detector’s response to 90% of signal ranges from less than 1 s at 50 ppm to 10 s at 1 ppm. Below about 5×10−2 ppm the response is somewhat slower, of the order of several minutes. Due to the lack of specificity, the detector is most suited to laboratory or field studies where hydrogen chloride is the dominant pollutant, as compared to the interfering species. Interferences include strong acids, acid‐forming gases, and halogen gases. Of the interferences investigated the most serious in these groups are hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine, respectively. The detector has been in use since 1974 and has been found to be highly portable, rugged, and stable under extreme environmental conditions ranging from aircraft and seacraft operations to desert operations at temperatures above 35 °C.
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92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution

Measurement of subnanosecond fluorescence decays by sampled single‐photon detection

J. M. Harris and F. E. Lytle

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1469 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134921 (8 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new method of single‐photon timing and its application to measuring fast fluorescence decays is discussed. The detector‐signal processor, having a transient response of 0.77 nsec FWHM, is designed around an inexpensive, two‐channel sampling oscilloscope. Using a mode‐locked, pulse‐picked argon ion laser as an excitation source, the system performance in measuring fast fluorescence decays was evaluated. An uncertainty for lifetimes measured in the range of 4 nsec to 50 psec was found to be ±6% or ±10 psec, whichever is greater.
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78.55.-m Photoluminescence, properties and materials
06.30.Ft Time and frequency

Ion cycloton resonance spectroscopy: A sensitivity calibration of marginal oscillators as a function of frequency

Paul R. Kemper and Michael T. Bowers

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1477 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134922 (5 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The design and operating characteristics of a circuit suitable for accurate calibration of the frequency dependence of marginal oscillator detectors used in ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy is discussed. The results of calibration curves determined from this ’’Q‐spoiler’’ circuit are compared with an empirical ’’chemical’’ calibration of the marginal oscillator. The excellent agreement between these two methods indicates the Q‐spoiler circuit can give accurate relative frequency calibration of the marginal oscillator over the frequency range 100–1000 kHz.
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84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components

Induction‐heated oven for laser spectroscopy of atomic uranium

G. Erez, A. Kerman, D. Kimhi, L. A. Levin, and E. Miron

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1482 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134923 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A simple compact oven was built for spectroscopy of atomic uranium. The oven is especially suitable for laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy.
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32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra
32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
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