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Oct 1977

Volume 48, Issue 10, pp. 1245-1356

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Performance analysis of transformer–rectifier flux pumps

S. P. Bernard and David L. Atherton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1245 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134877 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The operation of transformer–rectifier flux pump power supplies is described and analyzed. Two cases, based on the mode of current commutation between cryotron gate switches, are considered, and expressions for power output, losses, and efficiency are developed. Results of tests on a prototype flux pump are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
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84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits
85.25.-j Superconducting devices

High‐efficiency flux pump power supply using inductive current transfer

S. P. Bernard and David L. Atherton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1250 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134878 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A superconducting flux pump power supply of the transformer–rectifier type is described. Load current commutation between gates is by transformer primary current control. A simple, inexpensive system of generating the required control waveforms is outlined. Results of load magnet charging tests to currents of 500 A are given and are consistent with calculated performance.
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84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits
85.25.-j Superconducting devices

Magnetostriction measurements with a recording rotating field magnetostrictometer

B. Hoekstra, E. M. Gyorgy, G. Zydzik, and P. J. Flanders

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1253 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134879 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A compact magnetostrictometer has been constructed utilizing a rotating SmCo5 permanent magnet. The signal is detected with a lock‐in amplifier at a frequency variable between 2 and 60 Hz. Magnetostriction constants can be recorded at a fixed field as a function of temperature between very low temperature and +250 °C with a sensitivity better than λ≈3×10−8.
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75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components

Transient experiment using a multiple‐pulse laser light source

Fritz H. Oertel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1256 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134880 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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We applied a technique of passively Q switching a ruby laser to photograph transient development of an unsteady, underexpanded jet. In this technique, a bleachable absorber was used to generate multiple laser pulses which backlighted a Mach‐Zehnder optical interferometer used to observe the jet flow; instantaneous images of the laser‐illuminated event were swept onto a fixed film drum by a mirror rotating at ∼75 000 rpm for a film writing speed of ∼16 mm/μs. Our success ratio, which was good, was achieved despite the fact that control of pulse separation, number of pulses, duration of lasing action, and pulse‐to‐pulse intensity were not precise. We had more success with the passive technique than we did with an electronic, high‐voltage technique—described in the paper—for multiple Q switching of a Pockels cell.
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07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects

Surface multipole guide field for plasma injection

R. A. Breun, B. H. Rael, and A. Y. Wong

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1262 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134881 (7 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Described here is a surface guide field system which is useful for injection of plasmas into confinement devices. Experimental results are given for 5–25‐eV hydrogen plasmas produced by a coaxial discharge (Marshall) gun. It is found that better than 90% of the plasma produced by the gun is delivered to the end of the guide 180 cm away, while the neutral component falls by more than an order of magnitude. For these results the rod current providing the magnetic field had to be large enough to provide at least 1.5‐ion gyroradii from the center of the guide to the surface of the inner rod.
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52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium

Transmission properties of a cylindrical mirror analyzer viewed in energy‐angle space

C. F. Eagen and E. N. Sickafus

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1269 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134882 (9 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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In this paper we present a general method for calculating the transfer and transmission functions of a cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) which employs the exact, albeit numerical, solutions of the particle equations of motion. The analysis incorporates emission from extended sources and easily lends itself for use with elements which preretard the particle’s kinetic energy. Our approach leads directly to a convenient display of the analyzer transmission in energy‐angle space which provides a vantage point for assessing the role of each CMA aperture in the transmission process and for assessing the influence of the angular distribution of the emitted particles on the energy transfer function. The general method can be extended to include any dispersive analyzer for which the particle equations of motion are solvable.
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85.90.+h Other topics in electronic and magnetic devices and microelectronics (restricted to new topics in section 85)
41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams

Uncertainty in the sensitivity of thermistor ebullioscopes

Walace A. de Oliveira

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1278 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134863 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Boiling‐temperature elevations may be estimated from the ebullioscope sensitivity. Equations to calculate the sensitivity of twin‐thermistor ebullioscopes are given. Thermistor calibrations were performed and the data fitted to several equations. The standard errors in the parameters of these equations were calculated and the resulting uncertainty in the sensitivity derived. It is shown that data of moderate accuracy are sufficient to yield sensitivity values with a reliability of 0.3%. Differences in boiling temperatures obtained by this method are capable of a precision which is among the highest reported for ebulliometry.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers

Single‐frequency, atmospheric pressure CO2 laser

G. J. Ernst

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1281 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134864 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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In the paper we describe a TEA CO2 laser operating on only one axial mode. The laser resonator is only 15 cm in length. In order to achieve reliable operation for such a small system a special excitation technique has been developed. This technique is described in detail. The main advantages of the system are the absence of a separate uv source and very reliable operation. In order to obtain single axial mode operation the frequency of the mode has to lie close to the central frequency of the transition. A cavity with tunable length was necessary to achieve this. The total output power of the laser is 35 mJ and the time duration of the pulse is 25 ns.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Detection efficiency of a ceramic channel electron multiplier in the vacuum ultraviolet

Toshio Masuoka

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1284 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134865 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Detection efficiencies and other performance characteristics of ceramic channel electron multipliers (named Ceratron) were examined in the vacuum ultraviolet region. Detection efficiencies of magnetic electron multipliers (Bendix M306) and quantum efficiencies of tungsten and nesa glass were also measured for comparison with those of the Ceratron. The results indicate that the efficiency of the Ceratron is similar to that of the Bendix M306, and about an order of magnitude smaller than that of tungsten.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra

NMR probe for combined homonuclear multiple pulse decoupling and magic angle spinning

R. G. Pembleton, L. M. Ryan, and B. C. Gerstein

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1286 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134866 (4 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An NMR probe is described which is capable of use in combined multiple pulse–magic angle spinning experiments for removal of homonuclear dipolar broadening and chemical shift anisotropies in randomly oriented samples. Two examples are included to illustrate the utility of the technique.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Synchronous marker for measuring phase in the presence of noise

Baldwin Robertson and James E. Potzick

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1290 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134867 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A circuit has been constructed to mark the phase of a sinusoidal signal even when it is obscured by noise. The time jitter of the marker signal due to the noise can be reduced as much as desired in trade for slowed response time of the circuit. A theoretical description of the performance of the circuit and an error analysis are presented. Results of tests on the circuit agree approximately with the theoretical description.
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84.30.-r Electronic circuits
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components

Medium speed gating of ISIT tubes

R. W. Simpson and Y. Talmi

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1295 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134868 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Image intensified silicon vidicon tubes (SITs) and doubly intensified vidicon tubes (ISITs) are useful in time‐resolved spectroscopy studies, when gated by a kilovolt pulse applied to the tube gate or photocathode electrode. An ISIT detector, used in conjunction with the Princeton Applied Research Corporation (PARC) optical multichannel analyzer (OMA), has been gated by HV pulses as short as 30–50 ns. A simple modification of that ISIT reduced the minimum gate pulse width of the ISIT to 5 ns. The time and spatial resolution are primarily limited by the pulse distortion introduced by the various stray reactances in the gate coupling circuitry, regardless of the conductivity of the photocathode.
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42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers

Correction of secondary ion intensity by a new total ion monitoring method

H. Kobayashi, K. Suzuki, K. Yukawa, H. Tamura, and T. Ishitani

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1298 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134869 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new total ion monitoring (TIM) method is developed for the correction of secondary ion intensity changes. These changes depend on the primary ion beam current fluctuations, surface topography, and surface state of the specimens to be analyzed. The total ions detection sensitivity of this new TIM is 103 times better than that of the conventional method using the absorbed primary current. It is possible to obtain the true concentration image of a specific element for the specimen surface by dividing the specific ions (mass analyzed) by the total emitted ions (without mass analysis) at a certain solid angle. This process eliminates the influence of primary ion beam current fluctuations, surface topography, and surface state. In this paper, the new TIM method is described. In addition, its applications to low alloy steel fracture surfaces, a color television shadow mask, and Quenched and Tempered steel fracture surfaces are investigated. The obtained results indicate good agreement with the true concentration.
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68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted to new topics in section 81)
79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces

Position sensitive x‐ray detector

A. Gabriel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1303 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134870 (3 pages) | Cited 86 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A position sensitive proportional counter is described which shows some novel features in the method of position encoding compared with previous systems. The encoding is done by an inductance‐capacity (L‐C) line connected to cathode strips, rather than by resistance‐capacity encoding (high resistance) using the anode wire. The spatial resolution for a counter length of 8 cm is 0.2 mm (which corresponds to 0.01° for the geometry used here). Counting can be at high rates for indefinite periods.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments

Laser–ion coaxial beams spectrometer

B. A. Huber, T. M. Miller, P. C. Cosby, H. D. Zeman, R. L. Leon, J. T. Moseley, and J. R. Peterson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1306 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134871 (8 pages) | Cited 53 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An apparatus has been constructed to provide laser excitation of ion beams in both coaxial and crossed configurations. The coaxial geometry provides very high sensitivity and nearly Doppler‐free wavelength resolution for spectroscopic measurements, and allows the use of the Doppler shift to ’’tune’’ the wavelength. A novel transverse quadrupole electric field arrangement is used to deflect the ion beam into and out of the laser beam axis. The ion beam is highly collimated and a high‐resolution 180° electrostatic analyzer is used for photofragment energy analysis. The apparatus has demonstrated a resolution of better than 10 meV for normal photofragment spectroscopy and 0.001 meV for coaxial beams photofragment spectroscopy using a single‐mode laser. While providing these high resolutions the apparatus has an overall sensitivity several orders of magnitude greater than conventional ones.
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33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators

Dust cloud concentration probe

I. Liebman, R. S. Conti, and K. L. Cashdollar

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1314 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134872 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An optical probe was developed to measure dust cloud concentration during the propagation of dust flames or explosions. Principal features of the probe are a miniature light‐emitting diode and photosensor in a U‐shaped configuration and air jets to keep the windows of the device dustfree.
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07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems

Interferometric technique for the simultaneous measurement of passive membrane transport coefficients

R. A. Meyer and M. H. Friedman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1317 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134873 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A novel membrane transport cell is described which enables the simultaneous measurement of the hydraulic conductivity, reflection coefficient, and effective permeability of a membrane. Laser interferometry is used to measure the solute concentration difference across the membrane in an unsteady experiment. Results for sucrose transport across a Cuprophan‐150 PM membrane are reported.
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87.16.D- Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
07.60.Ly Interferometers

Apparatus for the measurement of internal friction as a function of frequency between 10−5 and 10 Hz

J. Woirgard, Y. Sarrazin, and H. Chaumet

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1322 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134874 (4 pages) | Cited 47 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new torsional pendulum allowing the measurement of internal friction as a function of frequency on a wide frequency range is described. It is shown that both high and low values of Q−1 may be simply obtained by phase lag measurements, at any frequency between 10−5 and 10 Hz. Some experimental spectra, obtained at different temperatures, are shown to illustrate the accuracy of the method.
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62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances

Surface potential probe operated at 77 K with nanosecond response

R. G. van Welzenis and W. C. de Zeeuw

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1326 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134875 (7 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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We describe the design, construction, and performance of an instrument for time‐resolved surface potential distribution measurements on fragile specimens of small dimensions, e.g., semiconductor bars or wafers. The instrument can operate at 77 K and is easily adapted to computer control. Spatial resolution is about 10 μm in two dimensions. On low‐resistivity material a time resolution of 1 ns can be achieved.
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73.61.Cw Elemental semiconductors
73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors
73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors
73.61.Jc Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors
73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)

Driver design for a laser cavity dumper

Kenneth G. Spears and James Larsen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1333 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134876 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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We present detailed schematic diagrams for a cavity dumper circuit suitable for use with a cw dye laser that is mode locked. The dumper frequency is an integral harmonic of the mode‐locked frequency and the average output power is monitored to protect the dumper transducer. A fast logic countdown circuit is used to provide synchronization of the 400‐MHz dumper pulse with the mode‐locked pulse at rates slower than the 100‐MHz mode‐locked frequency.
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42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.55.Mv Dye lasers
06.30.Ft Time and frequency
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Use of a new type of plasma‐ion analyzer to determine the hydrogen content of metals

N. R. Daly and R. E. Powell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1336 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134883 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A pulsed laser has been used to vaporize and ionize very small areas on the surface of materials that contain hydrogen. A thin foil scintillation detector has been used to examine the plasma that expands away from the interaction region. This device has high sensitivity for detecting hydrogen ions and very low sensitivity for heavy mass ions. Its use to determine hydrogen concentrations in materials at low level has been examined. It can also be used to determine energy distributions for hydrogen ions from mixed ion plasmas by the time‐of‐flight method.
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52.70.Nc Particle measurements
42.62.-b Laser applications
81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations

Automated ’’float’’ method for determination of densities of molten salts

Helge A. Andreasen, Niels J. Bjerrum, and Carl Erik Foverskov

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1340 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134884 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new system for measuring densities of molten salt systems is described. The system consists of an accurate metal block furnace, the temperature of which can be changed linearly in time, a fused quartz tube containing quartz floats loaded with a ferromagnetic material, a differential transformer wound with platinum wire, an amplifier, a digital voltmeter, an interface, a paper tape punch, and a recorder. The advantages of the system are its ease of operation compared to other ’’float’’ methods, and the possibility of looking at highly colored melts and also melts having a high vapor pressure.
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06.30.Dr Mass and density
07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers

Determination of electron energy distribution in a plasma

P. K. Chakravarti and S. N. Sen Gupta

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1344 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134885 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A simple method of direct display of electron energy distribution in a gaseous plasma is presented. The apparatus is an analog computer used on line with a Langmuir probe. The new features of this work are (1) an analysis of the time response of a filter input differentiating operational amplifier, (2) a procedure for noise eliminating differentiation that is also capable of taking account of the higher derivatives of the input signal, and (3) a simple determination of the plasma potential with a phase comparator. The method is being used in the analysis of electron energies in a positive column plasma. The results so far found show that the distribution has a single peak sharper than the Maxwellian at pressures of about 0.1 Torr and it changes into a two‐peak distribution at lower pressures (∼0.01 Torr). The second peak also found in similar studies by other investigators (Alexeff and Howell, Rezacova et al.) is possibly due to the presence of accelerated electrons from the hot cathode of the discharge.
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52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.

High‐pressure optical cell for Raman scattering studies in solid hydrogen

J. C. Stryland and S. M. Till

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1350 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134886 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An optical cell suitable for Raman studies and absorption studies of gases, liquids, and molecular solids is described. The cell, which has been used at temperatures down to 2 K and pressures up to 2 kilobar, was designed with self‐sealing sapphire windows whose conical seats were machined directly into the cell wall, thus minimizing the size of the cell and simplifying its construction.
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78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Sealed metal‐freezing‐point cell for thermometer calibration

Henry E. Sostman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1351 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134887 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Cells for realizing the pure metal freezing points which are defining or reference temperatures of the International Practical Temperature Scale must be kept from degradation. We describe the design and construction of a sealed cell in which the danger of contamination is virtually eliminated.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
06.20.F- Units and standards
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