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Jun 1976

Volume 47, Issue 6, pp. 657-781

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Automatic ultrasonic absorption spectrometer

Michael M. Farrow, Steven L. Olsen, Neil Purdie, and Edward M. Eyring

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 657 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134717 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A completely automatic ultrasonic absorption spectrometer covering the frequency range from 5 MHz to in excess of 250 MHz has been developed. The instrument utilizes Debye–Sears and Bragg reflection of light to modulate the output of a cw argon‐ion laser and is interfaced to a minicomputer that interactively controls experimental parameters and accumulates data.
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43.58.+z Acoustical measurements and instrumentation

Acoustic measurement system for use in phase transition experiments

E. M. Alexander and G. E. Friedman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 662 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134718 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An electronic system has been developed whereby the relative velocity and attenuation of an acoustic wave can be measured simply, dynamically, automatically, and simultaneously. The best application for this system is in certain phase transition experiments where acoustic quantities undergo large changes, i.e., the attenuation changes by several dB and the velocity by a factor of two or more. The unique feature of this system is that the output pulse signal is fed into gates that track the changing position of the signal with time. Attenuation is determined from the integral of the signal in one of the gates while velocity information is determined from the time positioning of one of the gate edges.
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43.58.+z Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions

Molecular beam apparatus with supersonic O2 beam (700–3000 m/sec) for reactive scattering experiments with metal atoms

C. B. Cosmovici, K. W. Michel, R. Dirscherl, and U. Stanggassinger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 667 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134719 (10 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Design and performance of a heatable, easily alignable Pt‐nozzle source (pinhole) are described, providing sufficient O2 intensity in both pure gas and seeded beam operation for crossed beam experiments with metal atoms and mass spectrometric detection. At the chosen skimmer‐nozzle distance, nozzle Knudsen numbers around Kn?10−2 gave optimum velocity ratio and intensity for all gas mixtures at nozzle temperatures from 300 to 1300 K. The oven design is particularly suited for effusive metal beams at T<1200 K.
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29.25.-t Particle sources and targets
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators
07.75.+h Mass spectrometers
34.50.Lf Chemical reactions

High‐repetition‐rate closed‐cycle rare gas electrical discharge laser

Robert A. Olson, Dennis Grosjean, Benjamin Sarka, Alan Garscadden, and Peter Bletzinger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 677 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134720 (7 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The recently developed technology of high‐pressure molecular lasers has been combined with ultrahigh‐vacuum technology to develop a fast‐flow high‐pressure laser system capable of long‐duration closed‐cycle operation with rare gases. The system’s economy, reliability, and capability for long‐time operation at a high repetition rate make it suitable for avionics, space, and isotope separation applications. High‐repetition‐rate laser performance has been demonstrated in He–Xe, Ne–Xe, Ar–Xe, and Kr–Xe. Experimental results for high‐pressure He–Xe mixtures are given.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus

Point‐spread functions and optimum filters for position sensitive detectors that use pulse‐shape modulation and zero‐crossing demodulation

C. H. Nowlin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 684 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134721 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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To enable the later determination of nearly optimum, realizable position decoding filters for position sensitive detectors as well as to enable valid comparisons of various position sensitive detectors, we introduce in this work a productive, high‐quality approximation to the point‐spread function for position sensitive detectors that use pulse‐shape modulation and crossover‐time demodulation. This approximation is the result of a theoretical calculation and is determined as a general function of the input signal and rms noise at the input to each of the two crossover detectors. It is precisely applicable to position sensitive detectors that use any type of transmission line encoding. The effects of random variables, such as charge collection time, are included in the calculation, but the effects of correlated noise in the two channels are not included. In addition, for the broad class of position sensitive detectors that have electronic and thermal noise as the dominant causes of position uncertainty, general equations, based on our approximate point‐spread function, are given for the optimum filter impulse responses, the optimum pulse shapes at the inputs to the crossover detectors, and the associated minimum positional full‐width half‐maximum (FWHM). General equations are also given for positional FWHM of electronic‐noise‐limited detectors that use nonoptimum filters. Finally, for electronic‐noise‐limited detectors that use an RC‐transmission line encoder that is terminated in its characteristic impedance, a plot is given of the optimum pulse shape at the input to the crossover detectors.
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29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors

Portable high‐temperature catalytic reactor: Application to air pollution monitoring instrumentation

J. R. Stetter and K. F. Blurton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 691 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134709 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A portable, battery operated microcatalytic reactor capable of safe controlled temperature operation from ambient to 800 °C is described. This system was designed to interface with a carbon monoxide air pollution monitoring instrument to provide a method for the continuous selective filtration of air pollutants. It permits a wide range of operating conditions (nature of catalyst, temperature, gas/catalyst contact time) to be fully utilized and significantly increases the application of many present day air pollution detection and monitoring techniques which utilize high‐temperature furnaces by allowing portability.
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07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
87.55.N- Radiation monitoring, control, and safety

Multiwavelength discriminator and display system for solid‐state lasers

Kenneth O. White, Wendell R. Watkins, Stuart A. Schleusener, and Ronald L. Johnson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 695 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134710 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A technique is described which converts a single‐beam absorption measurement into a de facto dual‐beam measurement affording real‐time calibration. The technique utilizes the narrow wavelength relaxation oscillations from within the long‐pulse emission of a solid‐state laser. It is used to measure the absorption line profiles of atmospheric gases.
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07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers

Dual‐channel diffractometer utilizing linear image sensor charge‐coupled devices

Paul J. Paolini, Ronald J. Baskin, Kenneth P. Roos, and James W. Cline

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 698 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134711 (5 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A position‐sensitive dual‐channel light diffracometer has been developed to allow the real‐time monitoring of light diffraction patterns produced by the myofibrillar sarcomeres of single skeletal muscle fibers and small bundles of fibers during contraction. The diffractometer utilizes two linear image devices to permit the analysis of two or more diffraction lines. The sensors are highly sensitive (1.67×10−4 lux sec), lag‐free, self‐scanning 256‐element charge‐coupled devices driven by Schottky and standard TTL logic circuitry at a data transfer rate/element of about 20–400 kHz. Video output from the diffractometer can be displayed directly on an oscilloscope screen or can be connected to an ADC and minicomputer system so that diffraction spectra can be corrected for dark signal and element nonuniformities and displayed on‐line by the computer CRT. The computer‐evaluated spacing between diffraction lines provides an accurate measure of mean sarcomere length within the muscle, while line shape and width are indicative of the length distribution among sarcomeres. Sarcomere length resolution attainable with the instrument ranges from about 10 to 100 Å at a nominal length of 2.5 μ, depending on muscle‐to‐sensor spacing and whether one or two channels of the instrument are operated.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
07.60.-j Optical instruments and equipment

Use of resistance wires for atmospheric turbulence measurements in the marine environment

Gordon Schacher and C. W. Fairall

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 703 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134712 (5 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The dc calibration parameters of hot wires used for wind speed measurements and cold wires used for air temperature measurements have been investigated for wires used in the marine environment. Tungsten hot wires and platinum temperature wires have been calibrated both before, during, and after their use at sea. A scanning electron microscope has been used to determine the surface condition of the wires and the amount of sea salt that is deposited on them. The results show that sea salt is quickly deposited on the wires when they are used at sea but that the deposits are rarely of sufficient thickness to affect the dc calibration of the wires.
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92.60.-e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology
92.05.-x General aspects of oceanography

New technique in the processing and handling of laser velocimeter burst data

H. T. Kalb and V. A. Cline

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 708 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134713 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A newly developed signal processing and data handling system for use in laser velocimetry is described. The system provides for entry into lower signal‐to‐noise ratio environments for capture of data from smaller particles than was formerly practical. Experimental data from a two‐component Bragg cell directional velocimeter is used in comparing the system with a conventional counter‐type processor. Dramatic improvement in the ’’particle lag problem’’ is seen.
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06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
42.62.-b Laser applications
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation

Contactless method of measuring resistivity

J. D. Crowley and T. A. Rabson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 712 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134714 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A method is described for measuring the conductivity of materials without having to make electrical contact with the material. Currents which are magnetically induced in the conducting sample are measured by means of the magnetic fields they produce. Although induction techniques have been used in the past for this type of measurement, the configuration presented here makes it possible to perform absolute measurements of resistivity over a wide range of values for relatively small samples. The theory of the technique, the results of measurements made with it, and a comparison of the technique with other methods are presented.
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07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
72.80.-r Conductivity of specific materials
84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches

Angle‐ and energy‐resolved charged particle spectroscopies—a simple way

R. J. Stein

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 716 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134715 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The acquisition of angular and energy distribution information is of growing importance in a number of charged particle spectroscopies used for surface studies. A simple, inexpensive method is outlined for obtaining a visual display of angular distributions containing energy distribution information in the form of color. In essence, a detector optical bandpass is varied synchronously with an energy‐selecting element of a spectrometer having a visual display in order to convert the analyzed particle energy distribution to a corresponding chromatic map. The primary utility of the method would be to obtain qualitative information rapidly in those cases where the particle energy spectra have distinct and strong features or when features of interest lie at the higher‐energy end. Examples of the latter are plasma loss structure in low‐energy electron diffraction, electron‐stimulated desorption ion angular distributions, and the higher‐energy structure in ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Other applications are also considered. The practical sensitivity limit for the case of visual observation is 1.0% [I (ΔE)/Itotal]. This sensitivity is not sufficient for application of the method to Auger electron spectroscopy or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis.
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82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
33.60.+q Photoelectron spectra
32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions
32.80.Hd Auger effect (including Coster-Krönig transitions)

Extraction of quadrature phase information from multiple pulse NMR signals

W‐K. Rhim, D. P. Burum, and R. W. Vaughan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 720 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134716 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A multiple pulse sequence (8‐pulse sequence) used for high‐resolution solid state NMR is analyzed with regard to the information available from each of the four wide sampling windows. It is demonstrated that full quadrature phase information can be obtained using only a single phase detector and that, for the commonly encountered situation where the spectral width is much less than the folding frequency, the signals from the various windows can be combined easily using standard complex Fourier transform software. An improvement in the signal‐to‐noise ratio of √3 is obtained over either standard single of quadrature phase detection schemes. Procedures for correcting spectral distortions are presented.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques

Calibrated source of atomic cesium beams

Hitoshi Yasunaga

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 726 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134722 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A demountable cesium source was designed to be useful for surface studies. Atomic cesium beams were emitted by effusion through a capillary bore 0.8 mm in diameter and 6 mm in length. The beam intensity was obtained by measuring the calibrated Auger peak height of cesium on the (100) surface of a tungsten single crystal. Beam intensities from 7×1014 to 1.3×1015 sec−1sr−1 were calibrated as a function of the temperature of the source from 77 to 127 °C. The observed angular distribution exhibits a half‐width angle of 9°. The results are compared with available theories.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative

Isothermal high pressure flow calorimeter

J. J. Christensen, L. D. Hansen, D. J. Eatough, R. M. Izatt, and R. M. Hart

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 730 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134723 (5 pages) | Cited 63 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An isothermal flow calorimeter suitable for measuring heats of reaction and heats of mixing at high pressure is described. With the calorimeter endothermic or exothermic processes can be studied from 0 to 70 °C and from 1 to 400 atm. Energy effects from 0.15 to 30 J/min are measured with a precision of ±0.4% at a constant temperature through the use of an automatic controlled variable heater and a constant cooling Peltier device. A complete heat‐of‐mixing curve can be generated from a single run. The calorimeter was tested by measuring the heats of neutralization of HClO4–NaOH and HClO4–TRIS and the heat of mixing of n‐hexane‐cyclohexane, and was found to produce data in very good agreement with published literature values.
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07.20.Fw Calorimeters
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells

Tokamak with high‐voltage theta‐pinch

N. Inoue, H. Nihei, K. Yamazaki, M. Ichimura, T. Matsuda, J. Morikawa, and T. Uchida

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 735 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134724 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An experimental device is described which is a combination of Tokamak and a high‐voltage theta‐pinch. Eight Blumlein lines charged to a maximum of 100 kV are connected to the Tokamak shell which plays the role of a theta‐pinch coil, besides stabilizing the plasma. A magnetic pulse with a maximum amplitude of 2.1 kG and a duration of 0.75 μsec is provided by discharging the Blumlein lines simultaneously. Heating of ions by the magnetic pulse is observed.
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52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
28.52.-s Fusion reactors

Hydrogen in smoke detected by the Pd‐gate field‐effect transistor

I. Lundström, M. S. Shivaraman, L. Stiblert, and C. Svensson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 738 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134725 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A recently developed hydrogen‐sensitive Pd‐gate MOS‐transistor was used to detect small amounts of hydrogen in smoke. It is shown that the device can be used to detect a fire before it has really started and therefore has a potential application as a fire alarm.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices

Inexpensive high‐speed dentist drill light chopper and its use in rejecting luminescence background from Raman spectra

R. J. Nemanich, S. A. Solin, and J. Doehler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 741 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134726 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An inexpensive dentist drill laser beam chopper is described. The chopper, which can be tuned for a chopping frequency from 100 Hz to 400 kHz, is compact, stable, and easily constructed. The usefulness of the dentist drill laser beam chopper is demonstrated in a technique for the suppression of luminescence background in Raman spectra. The technique is shown to be capable of almost complete suppression of luminescence with decay lifetimes greater than 10−6 sec.
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42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering)

Improved bell type micromanometer for measuring low air speeds

Nobuyuki Araki, Kogoro Nakagawa, and Kyojiro Hakomori

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 745 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134727 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An improved fast‐response bell type micromanometer with Pitot tube has been developed for measuring low air speeds in the range of about 1 m/sec. Displacement of an inverted bell is picked up by an unbonded strain gauge which has a large spring constant compared to its sensitivity. A balance system is used to cancel the weight of the bell and decrease drifts.
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06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials

High‐speed light chopper wheel for modulation spectroscopy

P. M. Selzer and W. M. Yen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 749 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134728 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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The construction and use of a high‐speed mechanical chopper wheel, compatible with the frequency ranges of most lock‐in detectors, is described. The chopper, consisting of an air turbine handpiece and multihole disk, can span the region from 500 Hz to 300 kHz with a single blade change. This device is particularly suited to modulated laser spectroscopy.
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42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Amplitude‐normalized decay integral: A method for measuring low‐level luminescence lifetimes

S. Arnold and N. Wotherspoon

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 751 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134729 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A method which utilizes photon counting is developed for measuring low‐level luminescence lifetimes. The technique requires two counters and a pulse sequence generator. The method is applied to the measurement of the delayed fluorescence lifetimes in anthracene and tetracene single crystals. The lifetime of triplet excitons in vapor‐grown tetracene crystals is found to be 43 μsec.
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78.60.-b Other luminescence and radiative recombination
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques

Precision high‐impedance source for small currents

G. Edwall and L. G. Bengtsson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 754 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134730 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A constant current source has been designed for use in connection with calibration and constancy checks of instruments measuring current or charge. The current is generated by electrons from a beta‐ray source in an evacuated container. With a 270 mCi 90Sr, a current of about 445 pA was obtained with a day‐to‐day standard deviation in a single measurement of about 0.02%. The standard deviation of measurements in immediate sequence is 0.001%, and the full range of variation of current during a 7‐mo period is 0.4%. The source impedance is about 1013 Ω.
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84.32.-y Passive circuit components
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components

Apparatus for chemical vapor deposition of silicon dioxide from silane gas

N. K. Mitra and C. J. H. Heynen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 757 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134731 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A description is given of an apparatus for the formation of oxide films of uniform thickness by a low temperature (300 °–500 °C) chemical vapor deposition process. The reaction gases enter at the top of a rotationally symmetric reaction chamber. By means of locating two fritted–glass disks in the path of the gas, good gas mixing and turbulent conditions are maintained inside the chamber. During the process the axis of this chamber is moved along a circle, the center of which coincides with that of a stationary substrate holder of circular form. This relative movement results in an averaging of conditions, giving a uniformity of the dielectric layer deposited. Constructing this apparatus is simple because no rotating joints are necessary for feeding in the gases, nor sliding contacts for the heater supply and temperature measuring equipment.
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68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Short focus paraboloid

B. W. Arnold and A. A. Offenberger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 762 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134732 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A method is presented of producing approximately paraboloidal mirror substrates of short focal lengths. The substrate, of aluminum, is machined to a rough spheroid, bent in a strong jig, and then optically finished to a spheroid while bent. When removed from the jig the substrate relaxes and assumes an approximate paraboloidal curve.
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42.15.Eq Optical system design
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques

Parallel movement piezoelectric transducer

W. Tuma and C. J. van der Hoeven

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 765 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134745 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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This note describes a compact mechanical device that eliminates tilting of a piezoelectrically driven platform.
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07.07.Mp Transducers
06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
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