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Dec 1976

Volume 47, Issue 12, pp. 1425-1559

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Studies of the hollow discharge duoplasmatron as a source of H− ions

M. Kobayashi, K. Prelec, and Th. Sluyters

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1425 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134570 (10 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A parametric study was made of the pulsed hollow discharge duoplasmatron, operating as a negative hydrogen ion source in the pure hydrogen mode and in the mixed hydrogen–cesium mode. Effects of the arc current, gas pressure, and the magnetic field on the extracted H− current were investigated for different electrode geometries and potentials. In the hydrogen mode a maximum H− beam current of 11 mA was obtained from an anode extraction aperture of 2.45‐mm diameter, with a normalized emittance of 0.1π cm mrad. In the mixed hydrogen–cesium mode an H− beam current of 60 mA was obtained from the same aperture. At a current of 40 mA the normalized emittance was 0.23π cm mrad. An analysis of the results points to the volume production of H− ions in the hydrogen mode and to the surface production in the hydrogen–cesium mode.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
52.80.-s Electric discharges

Picosecond trigger system useful in mode‐locked laser pulse measurements

B. Cunin, J. A. Miehe, B. Sipp, and J. Thebault

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1435 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134571 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A highly sensitive tunnel diode trigger useful in temporal intensity buildup measurements of mode‐locked lasers has been developed; the device reduces notably the time walk due to the lack of repeatability in intensity of the laser output. The performance of the trigger has been established by means of a 5‐GHz wideband, 0.1 V/cm sensitive real‐time oscilloscope and of an image converter camera of picosecond resolution. The experimental results show that a variation of the amplitude of the laser pulse train of a factor of 5 leads to a time jitter of less than 30 psec.
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06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators

Flux gradient accelerometer: Tests on a working model

Alan W. Hoffman, D. H. Douglass, R. Q. Gram, and C. Lam

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1441 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134572 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A device to detect small vibrations, which we call a flux gradient accelerometer, has been constructed. We propose to use such a device as the transducer for a low‐temperature gravitational wave detector. The accelerometer is found to respond as predicted by a simple harmonic oscillator model with a sensitivity nearly equal to the sensitivity calculated theoretically. If the accelerometer signal were amplified by a SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) having a flux noise of 1.4×10−12 G cm2 Hz−1/2, the signal should just equal the noise when Δxrms =9×10−18 (Δf)−1/2 cm where Δxrms is the rms displacement, and Δf is the amplifier bandwidth.
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06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
04.90.+e Other topics in general relativity and gravitation (restricted to new topics in section 04)

Optical technique for measurement of random water wave surfaces

F. Y. Sorrell and A. L. Withers

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1445 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134573 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An optical system for measuring the slope of random wind‐generated water waves is described. The instrument employs the refraction of a vertical light ray, which is a technique that has been previously used. The present system, however, employs a large‐area array of individual photovoltaic cells to measure the refraction angle of the beam. Because the array provides a much larger active area with no preferred direction, it is much better suited to the measurement of random water wave fields, typical of those generated by wind.
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42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems
92.10.Hm Ocean waves and oscillations

Continuous‐wave source of highly excited atoms using Doppler‐tuned ir laser radiation

James E. Bayfield

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1450 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134578 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A 10‐keV atomic beam source of hydrogen atoms in the n=44 or other selected state was based upon charge exchange production of the n=10 state followed by Doppler‐tuned cw CO2 laser excitation to the desired highly excited state. In present operation the output atom flux of the source is 2.5×105 sec−1, a value that can be increased by as much as 105. The technique can be extended to considerably higher and lower atom energies, to a wide range of atom quantum numbers, and to atoms other than hydrogen.
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29.25.-t Particle sources and targets
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators
32.10.-f Properties of atoms
42.62.-b Laser applications

Determination of strains in optical windows of a high‐pressure chamber by holographic interferometry and finite element analysis

N. Soga, D. Holcomb, and H. Spetzler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1453 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134552 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Holographic interferometry and finite element analysis have been applied to determine the strain in a large optical window installed in a high‐pressure chamber. Two different shapes of windows were chosen, and the outside and inside surface strains of the windows were followed as a function of internal pressure by taking double exposed holograms at 69‐bar intervals up to 483 bars. The results were compared with the values calculated by a standard finite element code with an assumption of no displacement at the load‐bearing edge. The agreement between two results was found to be good for both cases.
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42.40.My Applications
42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells

Improved sensitivity for the superconducting ’’chopper’’ amplifier

C. B. Friedberg and C. H. Galfo

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1457 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134553 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A heterodyning modulation technique is described which results in an improved sensitivity for the superconducting chopper amplifier. Dc sensitivities of 3×10−12 V were obtained in a 1 Hz noise bandwidth. An experimental comparison of various modulation schemes is presented.
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85.25.-j Superconducting devices
84.30.Le Amplifiers

Sensitive instrument to measure the friction between single fibers in various media

Robert C. Landwehr

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1461 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134554 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A sensitive instrument is described that measures the frictional and normal forces while nearly parallel fibers are rubbed in various media at normal forces down to 1 mg and rubbing speeds slow enough to ensure continuous contact. Typical frictional output traces are shown for human hair and coarse mohair fibers in water. The instrument detects scale engagement of keratin fibers.
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46.80.+j Measurement methods and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids

Simple far uv transmission grating monochromator for use with resonance radiation lamps

S. A. Flodstrom and R. Z. Bachrach

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1464 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134555 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A freestanding transmission grating has been used as a dispersive element in a simple monochromator. The monochromator, to be used with the collimated light beam from a resonance lamp radiation source, has been tested in the far uv with the helium and neon emission spectra. The results show that the simple monochromator will resolve all major lines in the emission spectra. A high efficiency into first‐order diffracted beams is obtained, and the efficiency is independent of photon energy. The results show that the resonance lamp–transmission grating combination is a unique source of monochromatic light for photoemission and optical work in the far uv region. More advanced monochromator designs and the possibility of extension of the monochromator for use at x‐ray energies are discussed.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
42.72.-g Optical sources and standards

Device for stretching microscope specimens

Robert A. Whitmore, Robert R. Calhoun, and Joseph Skasko

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1469 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134556 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A device is described for holding and stretching thin unsupported sheets or fibers near the plane of a slide surface on the microscope stage. Photographs of the instrumental details are shown. Specimens can be not only stretched, observed, and photographed on the microscope stage, but the clamped material can, while in the device, be removed from the microscope, treated by heating (cooking), freezing, or fixing; and returned to the microscope for further observation or prepared for sectioning. Shop drawings are available.
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06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling

Time‐of‐flight energy spectrometer for positive ions

R. M. Wood, A. K. Edwards, and M. F. Steuer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1471 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134557 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A technique is described for the simultaneous measurement of the time‐of‐flight and energy of positive ions produced in the decay of excited molecules. The technique permits the separation and determination of the energy spectra of ion species with different mass to charge ratios. Data from the bombardment of CO by 1‐MeV He+ are presented.
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29.30.Aj Charged-particle spectrometers: electric and magnetic
29.30.Ep Charged-particle spectroscopy

Calibration of rare‐earth x‐ray intensifying screens in the 15–70 keV energy range for use on pulsed x‐ray sources

L. S. Birks, J. W. Sandelin, and C. M. Dozier

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1475 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134558 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Rare‐earth screens (Rarex types B and BG) were calibrated against Kodak No‐Screen x‐ray film using pulsed x radiation. Type B screen, which contains only an yttrium compound, is over 50 times more sensitive than No‐Screen film in the energy range above 17 keV and is the preferred screen, of the two tested, in the energy range below 50 keV. Type BG screen, which contains yttrium and gadolinium compounds, is 1.5 times less sensitive than type B below 50 keV (the Gd absorption edge) but 3.5 times more sensitive above 50 keV. All of the calibrations were accomplished with monochromatic x rays from secondary fluorescers. The results should be accurate for pulses of shorter duration than 1 msec, which is the decay time of the screens.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques

Balloon‐borne stratospheric grab‐sampling system

A. L. Schmeltekopf, P. D. Goldan, W. J. Harrop, T. L. Thompson, D. L. Albritton, M. MacFarland, A. E. Sapp, and W. R. Henderson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1479 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134559 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A lightweight balloon‐borne grab‐sampling system for determining mixing ratios <10−9 of chlorocarbons and other minor constituents in the stratosphere is described. The all‐metal system consists of five sampling spheres and associated valves, which are opened and closed at selected altitudes by on‐board electronics during a parachute descent. The construction features, operating techniques, and experimental tests are given. In the latter, particular attention has been given to the problem of surface adsorption in ambient‐pressure in situ sampling of trace stratospheric constituents at these low mixing ratios.
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93.85.Pq Remote sensing in exploration geophysics
92.60.-e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology
07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus

Single coil probe with transmission‐line tuning for nuclear magnetic double resonance

V. R. Cross, R. K. Hester, and J. S. Waugh

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1486 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134560 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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First we discuss a method of tuning NMR probe circuits and matching impedances which employs a variable length transmission line as one of the tuning elements. This method is useful for high voltage circuits where, due to space considerations, suitable tuning elements may not be placed adjacent to the rf field‐producing coil. Second, we describe the design of a single coil double resonance probe which uses λ/4 transmission lines as filters as well as tuning elements. This double resonance probe is useful when the two frequencies of interest are widely separated.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Intense accelerated metal ion beam utilizing laser blowoff

J. F. Friichtenicht, N. G. Utterback, and J. R. Valles

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1489 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134561 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An intense pulsed beam of energetic metal ions has been produced by electrically accelerating ions extracted from a laser‐produced plasma. A pulsed laser focused on a metal surface in a vacuum provides the expanding metal plasma. The plasma is intercepted by a pair of shaped grids located at a distance where the plasma cloud has become collisionless. An electric field between the grids accelerates and focuses the ions. Electrons from a heated filament are introduced into the ion stream in an effort to neutralize the space charge spreading of the ion beam (plasma). Ion beams were produced with energies from 1 to 10 keV. Ion fluences per pulse in the fast beam have reached 1013 cm−2, and 1012 ions per pulse have been injected through a cylindrical channel 0.8 cm diam×2.0 cm long. The beam pulse lengths were typically less than 20 μsec. Aluminum has been used principally but the method should be applicable to a wide range of materials.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams

Automatic recording capillary viscometer for the study of polymeric reactions

T. Kilp, B. Houvenaghel‐Defoort, W. Panning, and J. E. Guillet

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1496 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134562 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An automatic viscometer and sampling system suitable for monitoring changes in the molecular weight of polymers in solution is described. Automation provides significant increases in precision and accuracy. The instrument can be used to follow degradation or polymerization reactions induced by radiation, heat, or chemical reaction. Examples are given of its application to the study of photolytic and chemical degradation of polymers.
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81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
82.50.-m Photochemistry
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

Extremely fast recovery time receiver for pulsed NMR

D. J. Adduci, P. A. Hornung, and D. R. Torgeson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1503 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134563 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A radio‐frequency receiver–amplifier for pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance applications is described. This amplifier has a voltage gain of 2000 and a bandwidth of 5–115 MHz and consists of three identical stages having nonsaturating overload characteristics. Each individual stage recovers within a time of 1 nsec following a 20 dBm overload. The blocking effect of capacitive interstage coupling following rf pulses has been essentially eliminated using series‐tuned broad bandwidth resonant circuits between stages. Measured receiver recovery times range from 250 nsec for short (400 nsec) transmitter pulses to 2.0 μsec for long (75 μsec) pulses. The effective receiver input noise voltage measured following phase‐sensitive detection and at the output of a video amplifier having a bandwidth of 320 kHz was 1.2 μV.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques

Apparatus for studies of matrix‐isolated sputtered products

J. Bates, D. M. Gruen, and R. Varma

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1506 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134564 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A system making use of matrix isolation techniques in the elucidation of the sputtering process has been developed and is described. A stable beam of positive ions produced with a commercially available sputter ion gun impinges on a target. The matrix‐isolated back‐sputtered products are collected on a cryogenically cooled optical plate for spectroscopic observation. The system can be used to identify atomic and molecular sputtered products and to measure sputtering yields. For demonstration purposes, the spectra of sputtered gold atoms in a deuterium matrix and sputtered molybdenum atoms in an argon matrix are shown.
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79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces

Atomic beam spectrometer for surface investigations

P. Scherb and E. M. Hörl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1511 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134565 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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An atomic beam spectrometer for the study of the interactions of neutral rare gas atoms with solid surfaces is described. These atoms, preferably neon atoms, have a very low kinetic energy, in the order of only a few meV, so that energy gains or energy losses by surface phonon processes can be detected. The change of the momentum of these particles is given by the preset scattering angle.
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68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
29.25.-t Particle sources and targets
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators

Apparatus for measuring internal friction Q factors in brittle materials

B. R. Tittmann and J. M. Curnow

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1516 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134566 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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This report describes a flexural analog of the torsion pendulum for measuring Young’s modulus and the internal friction Q factor on brittle materials. The design provides features to minimize fracture or chipping of the sample and reduces apparatus background damping so that a sample Q of ≳103 can be reliably measured. Other features include strain amplitudes as low as 10−7, small size for use in an environmental chamber, and zero static stress.
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46.80.+j Measurement methods and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids
46.25.-y Static elasticity

Argon triple point realization cryostat for platinum resistance long stem thermometers

J. Ancsin and J. Phillips

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1519 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134567 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A high‐precision realization cryostat was developed for long stem type platinum resistance thermometers at the argon triple point. Six liters of argon gas (at room temperature) are sufficient for calibration and if ultrahigh purity grade is used one may expect the results to yield better than ±1 mK accuracy.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Marginal oscillator optimized for radiofrequency size effect measurements

P. A. Probst, B. Collet, and W. M. MacInnes

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1522 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134568 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A marginal oscillator (1–50 MHz) operating at relatively high, stable oscillation levels, with very low noise, is described. Phase‐sensitive detection of the real and imaginary parts of the surface impedance of metals or the nuclear susceptibility can be carried out from 0.5 Hz as a result of the low 1/f noise. The noise is dominated by this 1/f noise below 200 Hz, while at higher frequencies it is white and the oscillator has a noise factor of 1.15 or 0.6 dB.
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84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Digital detector for monitoring lidar output energy

J. A. Reagan, J. D. Spinhirne, T. V. Bruhns, and R. L. Peck

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1527 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134569 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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A digital detector for monitoring laser output energy that has been used successfully for accurate collection of lidar data is presented. The detector includes both an optical system to sample laser pulses and electronic circuitry to provide a digitized electronic output proportional to the energy in the sampled light pulses. Test results show that the detector system is capable of monitoring lidar relative output energy to within 1%.
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42.62.-b Laser applications
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors

Apparatus for alternating fields microelectrophoresis

Evelyne Delatour and Maxime Hanss

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1531 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134574 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Based on principles which are outlined, an apparatus for alternating fields microelectrophoroesis is described. It uses a laternal orientation cell which is moved vertically at constant speed while a wave burst is applied to the cell. The resulting particles movements are photographed through dark‐field illumination and a microscope. The mobility is deduced from the track amplitudes on the photographs. An easy temperature correction is given. The main advantage of the A. C. microelectroesis method is a higher precision in the determination of the mobility distribution curve.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis

Measurement of thermal expansion at high temperatures by laser interferometry of two fibers

G. W. Hollenberg and W. N. Sharpe

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 1536 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134575 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008

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Thermal expansion is determined by measuring interferometrically the relative displacement of two fibers attached to specimens. Coherent monochromatic light from a laser incident upon the two adjacent fibers produces a Fraunhofer fringe pattern. Relative displacement of the fibers can then be determined by monitoring the motion of the fringe pattern. The technique was applied to the measurement of thermal expansion of ceramics in air to 1150 °C and of graphites in vacuum to 1900 °C.
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65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
07.60.Ly Interferometers
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
42.62.-b Laser applications
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