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Dec 1975

Volume 46, Issue 12, pp. 1615-1712

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Two‐dimensional photon‐counting detector arrays based on microchannel array plates

J. G. Timothy and R. L. Bybee

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1615 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134124 (9 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The production of simple and rugged photon‐counting detector arrays has been made possible by recent improvements in the performance of the microchannel array plate (MCP) and by the parallel development of compatible electronic readout systems. The construction of proximity‐focused MCP arrays of novel design in which photometric information from (n×m) picture elements is read out with a total of (n+m) amplifier and discriminator circuits is described. Results obtained with a breadboard (32×32) ‐element array employing 64 charge‐sensitive amplifiers are presented, and the application of systems of this type in spectrometers and cameras for use with ground‐based telescopes and on orbiting spacecraft discussed.
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95.55.Cs Ground-based ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes
95.55.Fw Space-based ultraviolet, optical, and infrared telescopes
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Characterization of two commercially available Hall effect sensors for high magnetic fields and low temperatures

L. G. Rubin, D. R. Nelson, and H. H. Sample

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1624 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134125 (8 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A series of measurements were performed on two groups of transverse‐configuration Hall effect sensors, each group consisting of devices available from a particular commercial supplier. The Hall voltage output of the probes was measured as a function of magnetic field to 18 T at temperatures of 300, 77, and 1.5–4.2 K; at the same time, the probes were subjected to a program of abrupt thermal cycling and magnetic field cycling. With the aid of computer analysis of the data the following conclusions could be drawn: (1) the outputs of one group of probes were linear with magnetic field within a worst‐case value of ∼±1% up to 8 T, and for the second group, to within ±0.5% up to 8 T and ±1.4% up to 18 T; (2) statement (1) was true for any of the selected temperatures; in general, variations of sensor output with temperature proved to be an unimportant factor; (3) the degree of measurement repeatability between thermal cycles varied somewhat from probe to probe within a group, but was significantly different between the two groups; (4) for a limited number of thermal cycles (∼25), it is clear that a simple calibration procedure would suffice to maintain a field measurement accuracy of ±0.2% up to 14 T, at least for one group of probes.
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07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Tunable low‐temperature optical‐EPR gaussmeter

E. S. Sabisky, P. J. Call, and C. H. Anderson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1632 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134126 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Two methods, utilizing the optical detection of the ground state paramagnetism of ions in solids for field calibration and measurement of the homogeneity of superconducting magnets at liquid helium temperature, are described and demonstrated. This technique has an accuracy comparable to that of NMR and has advantages in simplicity and in measuring homogeneity.
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07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques

Interferometer for measuring fast changes of refractive index and temperature in transparent liquids

A. Miller, E. K. Hussmann, and W. L. McLaughlin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1635 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134127 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A double‐beam interferometer has been designed for detecting changes of refractive index in transparent liquids associated with the absorption of ionizing radiation energy, due to short electron beam pulses from an accelerator. The response time of the interferometer is less than 0.2 μsec, and refractive index changes of the order of 10−7 can be measured, corresponding to a temperature change of ∼10−3 °C and an absorbed dose in water of ∼350 rad. The interferometer can be used as either a real‐time or integrating radiation dosimeter, if the temperature coefficient of the refractive index (dn/dT) is known for the irradiated liquid in the temperature region of interest.
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07.60.Ly Interferometers
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Thin polymer films for transmission infrared spectroscopy

Jeffrey T. Koberstein, Stuart L. Cooper, and Mitchel C. Shen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1639 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134128 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A temperature controlled centrifugal casting technique is used to quickly and reproducibly prepare thin polymer films which are suitable for transmission infrared spectroscopy. Films prepared by this method are shown to be without preferential orientation.
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68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)

Ultrahigh vacuum low temperature stage for in situ film deposition and characterization

D. L. Miller, T. Arns, and G. Hrabak

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1642 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134129 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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An apparatus which combines a liquid 4He Dewar with an ultrahigh vacuum system used for LEED or AES surface analysis and ultrathin film deposition is described. A linear motion bellows seal allows the substrate for film deposition to be moved out of the radition shields, which makes ion bombardment cleaning possible. A He gas heat exchanger between the substrate holder and He reservoir provides a wide variation of temperatures. In situ measurements of superconducting transition temperatures below 2 K have been made with this apparatus.
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81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus

Operating injection lasers by fast square current pulses of variable amplitude

D. R. Armstrong, A. Katzir, and A. Yariv

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1646 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134130 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A simple solid state circuit was used to drive GaAs injection lasers by fast (∼100 nsec) square pulses of variable amplitude (0–25 A). The amplitudes of the current pulses and the corresponding emitted light pulses were measured by a dual peak detector circuit. Using these circuits we were able to plot automatically the current vs light curve and determine the threshold current of the laser diodes.
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84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.

Variable width rectangular slit jet impactor

A. C. Delany and G. J. Dolan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1650 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134131 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A rectangular slit jet impactor has been designed and fabricated for use as an airborne collector of supergiant aerosol particles. The width of the slit is variable, allowing the impactor size cutoff to be set so that only particles greater than a determined size are collected. The jet convergence angle was made to be 53° 13′ to ensure that the width of the slit is always the same as the distance from jet mouth to the impaction substrate. Experimental calibration of the impactor indicates that this configuration gives excellent impaction characteristics.
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92.60.-e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology
92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols

Digitally programmable ratio transformer bridge

J. H. Magerlein and T. M. Sanders

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1653 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134132 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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We describe a digitally programmable impedance bridge, used here for low‐temperature resistance thermometry, and a compatible digital programming and data logging interface. The bridge employs a commercial programmable ratio transformer to achieve high resolution with minimum circuit complexity. We measure the ratio of the resistances of a carbon thermometer and a fixed reference resistor, both near 2 K, with a resolution limited by Johnson noise in the resistors. The bridge circuit described here is suitable for a variety of programmable or self‐balancing impedance measurements.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components

Sources for seeded beams of K and KF

A. Lübbert, G. Rotzoll, R. Viard, and K. Schügerl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1656 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134133 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Double chamber ovens having an additional gas feed line which allows generation of seeded K and KF beams with a variety of gases are described. The seed species partial pressure is kept at ?1 Torr, and the total pressure is varied up to 800 Torr. The beams are skimmed with heated nickel skimmers. The velocity and speed ratio of the beams and their dependence on seeding gas identity and pressure are presented.
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29.25.-t Particle sources and targets
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators

Digital trigger circuit with excellent noise suppression

W. Van Driessche and C. Gullentops

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1659 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134134 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The digital trigger circuit described in this paper allowed us to trigger digital data acquisition equipment accurately. Its main feature is a noise suppression circuit which introduces only a small phase shift and permits us to reject noise very close to the frequency range of the measured signal. The level of the rejected noise signal as well as the trigger level are adjustable with thumbwheel switches. The performance of the trigger circuit is demonstrated with a disturbed sine wave as input signal. An analog equivalent circuit with noise rejection characteristics similar to those of the pseudo‐filter is described.
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84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities

Rhenium bonded LaB6 electron source

K. N. Ramachandran

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1662 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134135 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A new technique has been developed to bond LaB6 to rhenium under a high temperature arc. Such a bond exhibits remarkable stability even when reheated to the emission temperatures above 1500°C, and thus presents a convenient method for making compact, high intensity electron sources for SEM and other applications.
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79.40.+z Thermionic emission
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers

Simple setup for Raman difference spectroscopy

H. van den Boom and R. E. Breemer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1664 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134136 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A system is described which is entirely composed of commercially available instruments. The construction of a rotating cell with two compartments is described in detail. It is furthermore shown that a differential amplifier, although applicable in most cases, cannot be used in the case of small signals on a large background because of its small dynamic range. This difficulty can be overcome by incorporating a lock‐in amplifier in the system.
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07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers

Technique for background elimination in infrared measurements

Kenneth L. Moore

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1667 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134137 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A technique has been devised for electronically eliminating background signals in chopped infrared measuring systems by subtracting a reference signal of proper frequency, phase, and amplitude from the background signal. Subsequently acquired point‐source or distant‐small‐source signals are converted to dc voltage levels which are directly related to incident flux. The system, based on operational amplifier principles, permits measurements of weak radiant emissions in the far ir under signal‐to‐noise conditions beyond the capabilities of previous field portable instruments.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Calorimetry automation in the 0.4–3 K range: Use of the NBS superconductive fixed point device and the specific heat of copper

Douglas L. Martin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1670 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134138 (6 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Operation of an automatic data acquisition system, with an on‐line minicomputer, in the 0.4–3 K temperature range is described and illustrated by results obtained on pure copper. The temperature scale was set up using both 3He vapor pressure thermometry and the NBS superconductive fixed point device. On the basis of specific heat measurements on pure Cu and Cu alloys, it appears that the temperatures assigned by the NBS to the superconducting transition temperatures of cadmium and zinc are too close. The required adjustment is within their assigned uncertainty limits.
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07.20.Fw Calorimeters
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
65.40.Ba Heat capacity

Dielectric and state behavior of cyclohexane under shock loading

Bernard Hayes

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1676 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134139 (9 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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An electrical technique that uses the peaks and troughs of a sine wave source voltage is employed to measure the relative capacitance of a dynamic admittance cell containing cyclohexane at 2.1 and 6.3 GPa. Parameters for the linear shock‐particle velocity equation of motion of the liquid are deduced, and a procedure for measuring the shock temperature of selected materials is proposed. A model for shock electrification is given indicating that electrification is a consequence of a normal‐state material undergoing a species change. Cyclohexane is an unusual material under shock loading in that it does not exhibit a species change in the pressure range considered.
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47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

In situ devices for the measurement of anelastic effects under neutron irradiation

M. Masson, R. Warlop, E. Bisogni, and M. Halbwachs

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1685 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134140 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Two devices for the direct measurement of the anelastic properties of metals in a reactor are described. First, a resonant cavity system has been adapted for the in‐pile determination of dimensional changes, with application to strain relaxation measurements at and above room temperature. Second, an inverted torsion pendulum operated at 130 Hz at a constant amplitude has been devised for the study of internal friction in metals exposed to a fast neutron flux. The relevant detection systems and the mechanical arrangements for both apparatus are given, together with typical recorded curves.
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61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances

Compression–expansion technique for wide dynamic range recording

J. Vanderkooy

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1689 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134141 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A simple circuit is presented which allows a signal with over 100 dB of dynamic range to be recorded on a modest tape recorder. No pilot track is necessary, and the same curcuit in a different mode is used on replay to reproduce the original dynamic range. There is no spectral distortion of the recorded signal, and calibration of reference levels is unnecessary.
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43.58.+z Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
43.60.+d Acoustic signal processing

New method for very sensitive dielectric difference measurements on high‐loss liquids at microwave frequencies

K. Hallenga

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1691 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134142 (6 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A microwave system for very sensitive dielectric measurements on high‐loss liquids over the frequency range 8–26.5 GHz is described which depends on the cavity resonance perturbation method. Equations for the resonance perturbation by a thin capillary in cylindrical as well as in rectangular cavities are derived, demonstrating the dependence of the real and imaginary part of ϵ on both the resonance frequency shift and the change in resonance width of the cavity. The microwave generator with high frequency stability (1 part in 108) is frequency modulated at one or two frequencies. The use of phase sensitive detection allows ϵ measurements on water to within 1%, as well as dielectric difference measurements on aqueous solutions to within 0.005 in Δϵ′ and Δϵ″ (1 part in 104 or better). Details of cavity constructions are given and some measurements on water and on dilute aqueous solutions are reported.
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07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation

Bulk gas temperature measurement during vessel discharge using transient PVT

S. C. Johnston and H. A. Dwyer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1697 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134143 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A transient pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) experimental technique for determining true bulk gas temperature during gas discharge from a vessel to the atmosphere is described. The bulk temperature obtained is valid no matter how nonuniform gas temperature is inside the vessel and accounts for all modes of heat transfer during discharge.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state

Versatile cells for optical studies in fluids

R. Hocken, M. R. Moldover, E. Muth, and S. Gerner

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1699 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134144 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A sample cell for optical studies of fluids is described.
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42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems

Water spark gap for a nitrogen laser

Seishiro Saikan and Fujio Shimizu

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1700 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134145 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Satisfactory operation of the Blumlein type nitrogen laser was obtained by using a water‐filled spark gap. The water‐filled spark gap uses flowing water, and the Blumlein circuit is charged by a Marx‐bank driver.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Automatic Bragg angle control comparator modification for the General Electric SPG‐3 ratemeter

A. R. Storm

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1701 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134146 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A modification to a previously described automatic Bragg angle control (ABAC) comparator circuit is described that makes it compatible with a General Electric SPG‐3 ratemeter.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments

Two‐tank sequencer for control of liquid nitrogen withdrawal

John R. Shepherd and Robert L. Corbin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1702 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134147 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The described device permits continuous, prolonged cooling by sequencially switching LN2 demand from an empty tank to a full one after complete depletion of the first tank.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment

Low temperature application of metal film resistors

T. K. Chu

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1703 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134148 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Because of their small mass (and heat capacity), metal film resistors are found to be suitable for low temperature applications. A technical improvement in thermal conductivity measurements was made possible by their use as sample heaters.
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07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
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