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Oct 1974

Volume 45, Issue 10, pp. 1199-1298

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A strain‐modulated electron spin resonance spectrometer

J. H. den Boef and J. C. M. Henning

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1199 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686458 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A new design for an ESR spectrometer, using strain modulation, is presented. The novel features are: (i) The sample is nonresonant, so that single crystals of any size and shape can be investigated; (ii) the loss in mechanical Q‐factor, due to the nonresonant technique, is compensated for by using an electrostrictive ceramic (with high piezoelectric constants) instead of quartz; (iii) the whole transducer is kept outside the microwave cavity; (iv) the modulator can be used also at low temperatures (1.2 < T < 400 K). Some illustrative applications are given.

An electron spectrometer for measuring both angular and energy distributions of photoemitted electrons

F. Pauty, G. Matula, and P. J. Vernier

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1203 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686459 (5 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A velocity spectrum is obtained by dispersing the photoelectrons with a uniform electrostatic field; it is recorded on an electronographic film with the help of an electronic camera. To each point of the plate correspond definite values of the tangential and normal velocities of photoelectrons. The angular and energetic distribution N(W, ϕ) is calculated from the density of the electronographic plate. We hereby show the first structures obtained from thin films of gold.

A combined electron impact, chemical ionization, field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometer source

H. H. Gierlich, A. Heindrichs, and H. D. Beckey

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1208 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686460 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Detailed information about the construction and design of a combined ion source is given. By the use of an exchangeable ion exit slit for the ionization chamber the source is constructed to operate either at a source pressure of about 1 Torr for chemical ionization or at lower source pressures for electron impact ionization, field ionization or field desorption. The potentialities of this source are demonstrated by the mass spectra of a peptide as obtained with the different ionization modes.

A small retarding field analyzer for Auger electron spectroscopy

Jürgen Koch

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1212 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686461 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A small retarding field analyzer for Auger electron spectroscopy is described. The resolution and sensitivity for chemical investigations is tested with Pd∕Ni alloys and adsorbed oxygen.

A detector for high frequency modulation in auroral particle fluxes

R. J. Spiger, D. Oehme, R. F. Loewenstein, J. Murphree, H. R. Anderson, and R. Anderson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1214 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686462 (7 pages) | Cited 2 times

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A high time resolution (HTR) electron detector has been developed for use in sounding rocket studies of the aurora. The detector is used to look for particle bunching in the range 50 kHz–10MHz. The design uses a Johnston Laboratory MM‐1 electron multiplier and an onboard frequency spectrum analyzer. By using the onboard analyzer, the data can be transmitted back to ground on a single 93 kHz voltage‐controlled oscillator. The detector covers the 50 kHz–10 MHz range six times per second and detects modulation on the order of a few percent of the total electron flux. Spectra are presented for a flight over an auroral arc.

A vacuum cell and associated optics for obtaining a single‐reflection infrared spectrum using reflection‐absorption spectroscopy

Harland G. Tompkins and David L. Allara

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1221 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686463 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A compact vacuum cell and associated optics used to obtain a single‐reflection infrared spectrum of a thin film on a metal surface is described. Reflection‐absorption spectroscopy, in the past, has usually involved multiple reflections. Single reflection setups offer advantages of simplicity, the ability to generate and∕or clean the sample surface, and the ability to use other surface studies techniques along with ir. An optical setup is described which will allow the above three advantages to be obtained, and in addition is simple and compact. Along with the optics, a vacuum cell housing the sample is described. This cell fits conveniently with a standard infrared spectrometer and no additional modification to the spectrometer is required.

A torsional pendulum technique using solid state devices to measure internal friction and stress relaxation

W. D. Welch, B. D. Barker, and S. H. Carpenter

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1224 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686464 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Two original and unique optoelectronic systems used to measure the anelastic properties of materials are described. The systems are used in conjunction with a standard inverted torsional pendulum. One system measures low frequency internal friction and the other measures stress relaxation at constant strain. The circuit diagrams and mechanical setups for these systems are given and typical data are shown.

Solid state power supply for high impedance NMR magnets

Bert E. Holder and Alvin S. Maddux

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1228 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686465 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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We present design and construction details of an all solid‐state power supply suitable for dc electromagnets in the impedance range 500–1300 Ω. Current is limited to a conservative 2 A. Current control is implemented through a series element consisting of cascaded, water‐cooled power transistors isolated and regulated to operate at equally spaced voltage intervals within the transistor voltage rating. Current regulation is estimated to be a few parts in 105 for a 10% voltage or load change. Conversion of existing tube‐type power supplies to this configuration is detailed.

Improved apparatus for the NMR measurement of self‐diffusion coefficients using pulsed field gradients

D. S. Webster and K. H. Marsden

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1232 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686466 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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The characteristics of some quadrupole coils are examined to determine their suitability for NMR pulsed field gradient diffusion measurements. They are found to be capable of acceptable field gradient uniformity, low ratio of inductance to field gradient strength, low dc resistance and their windings are as far as possible from adjacent pole faces, thus minimising eddy current formation. An improved current pulser using SCR's is also discussed.

New simple circuits to eliminate time slewing

Ai Bui and George Sneij

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1235 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686467 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A new idea is put forward which reduces considerably the timing errors arising out of the photomultiplier pulse‐amplitude variations. A bipolar signal, obtained at the output of a simple electronic circuit, intersects the time‐axis at a point determined by the amplitude of the input pulse. This amplitude‐dependent displacement of the intersecting point along the time‐axis helps reduce considerably the time fluctuations of the final output signal. Output pulse‐amplitude variations from more than 3 V down to 0.15 V show an almost complete suppression of the time fluctuations of the output signal, while this is only of the order of 25 psec for an input variation of 0.15–0.10 V. The influence of the variation of temperature on the circuit behavior has also been investigated.

Static electricity events detector

L. A. Rosenthal and D. A. Davis

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1239 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686468 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A neon lamp is employed as a static electricity sensor. Each discharge event corresponds to a discrete energy. Instruments described for detecting single or multiple events are useful for static electricity evaluations and surveys.

A fast, large aperture, electromechanical shutter

A. R. Van Hook

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1242 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686469 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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This paper describes a fast closing shutter which is capable of closing a 5 cm aperture within 40 μsec to be used to prevent rewrite on high speed drum and synchronous turbine‐type cameras.

Target fabrication and positioning techniques for laser fusion experiments

W. D. Friedman, G. M. Halpern, and B. A. Brinker

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1245 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686470 (8 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Solid targets of pure deuterium or deuterium‐bearing compounds are required for experiments designed to explore the feasibility of laser fusion as a source of energy. This paper deals with three aspects of the targets used in this application, namely, (i) the selection of suitable compounds which provide optimum heating by the laser radiation, (ii) the fabrication of appropriately sized and shaped targets from these compounds, and (iii) the positioning of these targets in laser‐irradiation experiments. Spherical targets of lithium deuteride, deuterated polyethylene, and paraffins with diameters of 50–200 μ are considered, as well as 400 μ cylindrical extrusions of deuterium ice. Detailed descriptions are given of the apparatus and techniques used to position these targets in the focal region of the laser radiation.

Computerized control and data acquisition system for quenching and annealing thin metal wires

H.‐C. W. Huang and A. S. Berger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1253 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686471 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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In the study of the thermal generation and the annealing of point defects, e.g., vacancies, in metal crystals, it is necessary to have accurate and reproducible control over the thermal history of the specimen. This paper describes a computer‐controlled system for the rapid thermal pulsing, quenching and annealing (thermal cycling) of thin metal wires. The system features complete software control of the temperature vs time profile of the sample. Using programmable gain instrumentation amplifiers and a crystal‐controlled programmable time base, both rapid and accurate (d T ∕ d t ≤ 106 K∕sec; Δ T ≤ ±5 K) control of the thermal cycle is obtained.

Calorimetry below 1 K: The specific heat of copper

G. J. Sellers and A. C. Anderson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1256 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686472 (4 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A technique is described which permits the accurate measurement of heat capacities to very low temperatures without the use of a heat switch. As a test of this technique the specific heat of Cu, with and without hydrogen impurities, has been measured in the temperature range 0.04–1 K. The presence of hydrogen increases the specific heat by ≈ 1% as has been reported previously at higher temperatures. Above 0.3 K the data for hydrogen‐free copper are in good agreement with the copper reference equation. At lower temperatures there is an additional contribution to the heat capacity which may be associated with oxygen impurities.

Quadrupole fields in circular concave electrodes and poles

G. Bosi

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1260 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686473 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Two‐dimensional equipotential models of circular concave quadrupole lenses are investigated. Exact solutions are carried out by the method of conformal mapping and expanded in series of multipoles. Conditions for approximating the ideal quadrupole field are obtained. Slight errors in an earlier, approximate treatment are detected.

A new microcell design for use with large volume NMR tubes. Application for low natural abundance isotopes studied by NMR

J. D. Cargioli and E. A. Williams

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1263 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686474 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A new NMR microcell design for recording the NMR spectra of low natural abundance isotopes, such as 13C, 29Si, 15N, and 17O, when sample size is limited, is described. The new cell makes sample preparation and clean up an order of magnitude easier than with a conventional microcell. Nearly 100% recovery is also possible with the use of this cell design.

Low temperature, thin film NiCr thermometers

E. L. Griffin and J. M. Mochel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1265 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686475 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Thin metal film thermometers, typically 20 Å of Chromel A sandwiched by SiO, have been developed for use below 4 K. These thermometers have good low temperature stability (drift less than ± 0.0005 K∕2 days), low noise, small heat capacity (0.1 erg∕K⋅cm2), are insensitive to magnetic fields (less than ±0.001 K∕25 kG), and are easily fabricated. Thermometers made with Chromel A are marginally stable at room temperature with a typical shelf life of several weeks.

A sensitive tipping‐bucket rain gauge

J. W. Mink and E. P. Forrest

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1268 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686476 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A sensitive tipping‐bucket rain gauge has been developed which measures rainfall in increments of 5×10−3 mm with an accuracy of better than 0.1%. The gauge is being used to determine the relationship between millimeter wave attenuation caused by rainfall and rainfall rates from 0.3 to 30 mm∕h.

Doubly resonant current‐to‐voltage converter preamp for surface spectroscopy

D. J. Pocker

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1271 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686477 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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The need for, and approaches to, frequency domain enhancement of signals from noisy, limited current experiments are reviewed. A doubly resonant current‐to‐voltage converter circuit for such applications, having low intrinsic time constant, noncritical tuning and yielding 90–110 dB rejection of frequencies a factor of 2 from that desired, is presented and analyzed in detail. Examples of its superb rejection of power line noise, transients and signals harmonically related to the frequency desired are demonstrated and general comments about its use are given.

Third‐order asymptotic aberration coefficients of electron lenses. III. Formulas and results for the two‐tube electrostatic lens.

C. E. Kuyatt, D. DiChio, and S. V. Natali

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1275 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686478 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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The third‐order asymptotic aberration coefficients of round electrostatic electron lenses are formulated, following Hawkes, in a form independent of object and aperture positions. Six quantities are sufficient to specify completely the third‐order aberration properties of electrostatic electron lenses. Equations for these six quantities are derived in the form of integrals involving derivatives of the axial potential no higher than the second. Using these equations and our previously calculated potentials and first‐order trajectories we have computed the six aberrations coefficients for the two‐tube electrostatic lens for voltage ratios from 1.1 to 10 000. The results are believed accurate to better than 0.2%.

Sensitivity of a Mance configured Wheatstone bridge for the determination of internal resistance of a cell

S. S. Mathur and R. D. Bahuguna

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1281 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686479 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Normally the sensitivity of the Wheatstone bridge in the conventional position is not much different from that in the conjugate position. In other words, the sensitivity in the two positions is of the same order. This is true for the case when all the four arms are pure resistances. In this paper we have shown that in Mance's configuration, when the unknown arm consists of a cell, the conjugate position is far more sensitive than the conventional one particularly for higher values of R1∕R2, where R1 and R2 are the ratio arms of the bridge.
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Mechanical analog calculator for laser gain measurements

A. M. Robinson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1284 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686480 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A simple mechanical device is described for calculating pulsed laser gain from oscilloscope traces.

A procedure for making small metal spheres

R. J. Lang, T. Smith, and H. W. Koren

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1285 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686481 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A procedure is described for producing metal spheres with diameters of about 13 μ.

Carbon rod furnace infrared source

W. J. Boyd, D. E. Jennings, W. E. Blass, and N.M. Gailar

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1286 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686482 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A carbon rod furnace infrared source has been built and has proven to be a reliable and trouble‐free source despite the high rod temperature of 2500 K. The furnace offers several advantages over previous furnaces. These include an increase in usable rod length to 6.35 cm, and extended rod life (up to 400 h), and a fully automated power supply for the furnace. Construction and operational details are discussed.
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