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Dec 1974

Volume 45, Issue 12, pp. 1499-1614

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Use of the quartz crystal thermometer for absolute temperature measurements

Bruce B. Benson and Daniel Krause

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1499 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686545 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Tests of a quartz crystal thermometer over a period of two years indicate that with yearly NBS calibration and appropriate weekly ice point and other calibration checks, it is a reliable secondary standard for absolute temperature measurements. Over a range of at least 0–60°C it is accurate to better than 0.005°C and perhaps as good as 0.003°C. Descriptions are given of the absolute calibrations and of the tests for internal consistency of the quartz probes.

High sensitivity creep tester

R. Raj, Y. T. Chen, and F. Van Baren

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1502 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686546 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A high‐sensitivity creep tester has been built to measure creep rates of the order of 10−11 sec−1. The high sensitivity is achieved by measuring the differential displacement between a loaded sample and a reference sample, thus compensating for fluctuations caused by thermal expansion. Creep measurements at these low strain rates should be of importance in the fundamental and applied study of creep in metals, ceramics, and polymers.

Ultrahigh‐vacuum, high pressure and temperature infrared‐ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometer cell

E. Gallei and E. Schadow

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1504 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686547 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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An ir‐uv‐visible spectrophotometer cell for examining gas‐solid interactions at elevated temperatures up to 600°C and high pressures or ultrahigh vacuum has been designed and fabricated. The cell is employed for characterization of reactive catalyst species and reaction intermediates which exist only at conditions above ambient. The pressure maxima are limited by the window material which in turn is determined by the spectral range to be investigated. A compact design out of one piece and large windows permit the use of the cell interchangeably among a variety of commercially available ir and uv‐visible spectrophotometers. The design of the cell has been reported. In addition two specific applications of the cell to high vacuum and high pressures at elevated temperature (200°C) are described.

A digital autocorrelator for quasi‐elastic light scattering using a minicomputer

R. W. Wijnaendts van Resandt

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1507 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686548 (4 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A fast averaging, multibit digital autocorrelator for use in quasi‐elastic light scattering is described. An essential feature is the on‐line data processing. Its performance is tested by measuring the quasi‐elastic light scattering of Ludox particles suspended in water.

Seeded supersonic alkali atom beams

R. A. Larsen, S. K. Neoh, and D. R. Herschbach

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1511 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686549 (6 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A seeded supersonic beam source for alkali atoms is described which provides velocities up to ∼ 5 km∕sec. Potassium or rubidium vapor at ∼ 0.02 to 0.2 Torr is mixed with a diluent gas of H2, He, or Ar at ∼ 800 Torr and expanded through a pinhole nozzle. The beam properties are found to compare well with the simple theory of isentropic expansions. Typically, the alkali flux is ∼ 1016 atoms sr−1 sec−1 and the velocity spread is ∼ 8% (FWHM).

An automatic sequential rainfall sampler

J. Gray, K. D. Hage, and H. W. Mary

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1517 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686550 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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An automatic sequential rainfall sampler has been developed which is capable of operating unattended for periods of days. The pulse produced by a raindrop impacting with a loudspeaker actuates the collection and recording systems. The apparatus records the duration of rainfall and collects samples at a predetermined rate. The samples may be left for a period of weeks before collection. The equipment is battery powered and easily portable. Sample sizes vary between 1 and 20 ml but may be increased to any desired volume.

1000‐A cryotrons for superconducting‐magnet flux pumps

D. L. Atherton and R. J. Vilbikaitis

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1520 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686551 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Cryotrons are being developed for a low temperature flux pump power supply to energize superconducting coils without the excessive helium boiloff characteristic of high current input leads. The cryotrons have been tested to 1200 A at frequencies up to 40 Hz. For 1000 A, the optimum operating frequency is presently 5 Hz (determined by the current transfer rate and the normal cryotron gate resistance). The cryotron gates are Pb‐4% Sb and have a normal state resistance of 6 μΩ (resistivity 3.8×10−7 Ω‐cm).

Heat capacity measurement method for bridgewires

Louis A. Rosenthal

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1523 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686552 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A single, full‐sine‐wave current pulse, of zero average value, adiabatically heats a bridgewire. Due to the electrothermal nonlinearity of the temperature‐sensitive wire, a dc voltage which can be related to lumped heat capacity appears across the bridgewire. This dc signal can be readily extracted and interpreted.

Low temperature application of commercial strain gauges

S. Alterovitz and D. E. Mapother

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1528 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686553 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Commercial strain gauges are found to give linear reproducible results as pressure monitors for low temperature experiments. Calibration done at 77 K remains correct with 2% absolute accuracy at 4.2 K. The independent pressure calibration at low temperatures was done by precise measurements of the change in the critical magnetic field of indium.

Continuously direct‐reading polarimeter for density contrast measurements in optically active solutions

R. B. Lambert and M. Davey

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1531 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686554 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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An instrument using a polarized laser beam has been designed for the purpose of measuring the horizontally averaged concentration of optically active solutes in experiments in which the vertical distribution of dissolved components, and the vertical transport of these components, is of interest. An analyzer, rotating at 500 rpm, samples the beam after it passes through the solution, producing a signal whose phase shift is proportional to the angle through which the polarized beam has been rotated. The signal is amplified, integrated, and processed such that the output is directly proportional to the solute concentration.

Versatile cryostat systems for low‐temperature ion‐implantation studies

H. J. Stein and R. H. Baxter

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1537 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686555 (5 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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The design, use, and performance of cryostat systems for ion implantation at temperatures between 7 and 300 K are described. Special features of the cryostat systems are: (i) a trapped‐gas heat exchanger; (ii) a sliding gate valve to allow separation from the implantation line vacuum; (iii) a rotatable tail section with optical windows; and (iv) ion‐beam location plates. The systems have been used successfully to study the effects of ion implantation into solids at controlled temperatures between 7 and 300 K, and to study isothermal and isochronal annealing of solid materials following implantation at low temperatures.

Measurements of spatial reactant and product concentrations in a flow reactor using laser‐induced fluorescence

Thomas B. Stewart and Henry S. Judeikis

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1542 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686556 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A system capable of measuring heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions inside cylindrical flow reactors is described. In this system, the laser‐excited fluorescence of reactant gas molecules is used to measure the spatial concentration of these molecules down the length of a cylinder coated with a suitable catalyst. The laser beam can be placed either on axis or off axis of the cylinder to measure the gas distribution. From the spatial concentration and certain experimental parameters, the rate constant can be determined. This technique is more versatile than a gas sampling probe because the gas flow is not disturbed. Also, an instantaneous reading of the relative gas concentration and a high degree of sensitivity are obtained. This technique is applicable to most gases, but, for this study, it was used to examine NO2 solid reactions in polluted atmospheres.

300 kV rectangular pulse generator with nanosecond risetime

R. D. Genuario and J. C. Blackburn

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1546 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686557 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A system is described for producing rectangular pulses up to 300 kV in amplitude with rise times of about 1 nsec and pulse widths adjustable between 5 and 20 nsec. A coaxial line is pulse charged from a Martin‐type autotransformer and then discharged by a fast‐rise high pressure switch into a matched CuSO4 load resistor. A low inductance, capacitive voltage divider allows monitoring of the pulse. The pulse reproducibility is excellent and the low jitter (250 nsec) in the discharge switch allows synchronization with other events. The system has been in use for two years with satisfactory results.

Application of an LVDT to an analytical balance

William Primak

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1550 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686558 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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The secondary voltage of an LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) is proportional to the primary voltage. The force exerted on the core varies as the square of the primary current or voltage. Thus, the scale sensibility of the balance equipped with an LVDT decreases with applied voltage. The voltage sensibility possesses a maximum, where, of course, the system is insensitive to fluctuations in the primary or excitation voltage. With a suitable voltmeter to read the secondary voltage, speed of operation is increased somewhat and precision is increased by an order of magnitude over that obtained when the balance is used conventionally.

Impact response of a shorted guard‐ring quartz gauge between 20 and 26 kilobar

D. B. Hayes and Y. M. Gupta

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1554 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686559 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Shorted guard‐ring quartz gauges 1.27 cm diam and 0.32 cm thick with a 0.36 cm inner electrode exhibit an effective piezoelectric current coefficient of k = (1.89 + 0.0107σ)×10−8 C∕cm2∕kilobar within a precision of ±1%, when subjected to step impact loading between 20 and 26 kilobar. Data confirm that the effective charge‐collecting area of the inner electrode includes half the area of the insulating gap. Increase of current with time is observed to be approximately three times that observed for shunted gauges. Unequal potential between inner and outer electrodes has no measurable influence on gauge response for the applications considered here. A comparison of present data with previous studies indicates that shorted guard‐ring quartz gauges do not display the same degree of universality as shunted quartz gauges.

Technique for measurement of elastic constants by laser energy deposition

C. A. Calder and W. W. Wilcox

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1557 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686560 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A convenient experimental arrangement for the measurement of elastic material constants from specimens of circular or rectangular rods is presented. An ultrasonic pulse technique is applied using very short stress pulses produced by laser energy absorption from a Q‐switched ruby laser.

Simple moving film semicylindrical x‐ray camera

Taisuke Ito

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1560 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686561 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A moving‐film semicylindrical x‐ray camera with 100 mm radius was constructed. The camera moves in the direction of the axis of the semicylinder and allows 15 independent exposures for equatorial reflections on one film (43×240 mm in size). The exposed sections, each having 1.9 mm width, are arranged in a precisely parallel way with a fine (0.1 mm) unexposed zone between neighboring sections. These facilitate direct measurement and comparison of the reflection angles and intensities. Three photographs taken with this camera are shown. Two of these were obtained at high pressures (8 kilobars) by mounting a high pressure diffraction cell on the camera.

Balloon‐borne radiosonde for the measurement of the atmospheric thermal structure coefficient

R. Barletti, P. Lemmetti, and L. Paterno

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1563 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686562 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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The characteristics and operational limits of a balloon‐borne radiosonde working up to 20 000 m for the measurement of the atmospheric thermal structure coefficient CT2 are described. The knowledge of CT2 profile up to 20 000 m gives information about the optical quality of the atmosphere with respect to high resolution astronomical observations. The radiosondes were launched during a research campaign carried out at Tenerife, Canary Islands in connection with the European JOSO (Joint Organisation for Solar Observations) project.

A collimator for soft x rays

Robert S. Wriston

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1566 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686563 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A novel collimator is described which makes use of eight identical plates having holes located randomly. A holder aligns the plates so that on‐axis x rays pass through the same hole in each successive plate. Off‐axis x rays are attenuated by a factor of T8(=2×10−4), where T is the transmission of a single plate. The angular response measured at 8.34 Å was 15′ wide at half maximum and had wings because of the overlapping of the holes. The design has the advantage that it defines one unique direction rather than several, as is the case when regular hole patterns are used.

A LEED goniometer

L. De Bersuder

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1569 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686564 (4 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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An hemispherical display type low energy electron diffraction apparatus, having complete freedom of incident and diffracted beams directions with high angular precision, high resolution, and high sensitivity, is described.

Error analysis and adjustment of the LEED goniometer

D. Aberdam, R. Baudoing, and L. De Bersuder

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1573 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686565 (7 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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We describe the error analysis and the adjustment procedure which are necessary to achieve the setting and determination of angular coordinates of the electron beams in the LEED goniometer described in the preceeding paper. Our goal is to obtain the best possible accuracy, particularly to allow LEED data reduction experiments.

A comparison of temperature measurement of oxygen in the 0–0 and 0–1 rotational bands using laser Raman spectroscopy

R. S. Hickman and Louis Liang

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1580 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686566 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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Rotational temperatures in pure oxygen at 1 atm, ranging from 243 to 343 K, and in air at room temperature have been measured from the 0–1 rotation‐vibration Raman spectra of oxygen inside a laser cavity. The spectral temperatures obtained from the 0–1 transition are compared with those obtained from pure rotational spectra. Spectra obtained at different data collection rates are discussed. It is found that accurate temperature determination in pure oxygen is entirely feasible with an absolute accuracy of 3–8 K. The application of this technique in fluid mechanics is discussed.

Measurement of the linear electric field effect in EPR using the spin echo method

W. B. Mims

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1583 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686567 (9 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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An apparatus is described which is designed to measure the linear electric field effect in EPR for amorphous samples such as those which are often encountered in biophysical studies. The apparatus is based on the electron spin echo method. It is capable of measuring g shifts ≃ 10−9 cm∕V for samples with phase memory times ≃ 1 μsec. A brief general description of the electron spin echo apparatus is given, special attention being paid to those parts of the system developed specifically for the purpose of measuring the linear electric field effect. The influence of electric field homogeneity and of the pulse timing parameters on the measurements has been investigated in detail.

A high accuracy, high resolution, remote control uniaxial stress apparatus

M. Gorman, J. Doehler, and S. A. Solin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1592 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686568 (6 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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A uniaxial stress apparatus designed for low‐temperature light‐scattering experiments is described. It is more compact and potentially more accurate than previous designs. The apparatus can be used to produce a compressive uniaxial force of up to 8.92×108 dynes with an estimated accuracy of 1.5% and can operate in a temperature range of 1.2 to 300 K. The design does not restrict this apparatus to light‐scattering measurements and it could be easily modified for application to tensile uniaxial stress. This apparatus has been used to observe the splitting of the valley‐orbit Raman line in Ge(As) as a function of uniaxial stress along the [110] axis and to successfully apply the highest reported uniaxial stress along the [110] axis in germanium, 23 kilobar.

An apparatus for high pressure Raman spectroscopy

R. S. Hawke, K. Syassen, and W. B. Holzapfel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1598 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686569 (4 pages) | Cited 43 times

Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003

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This paper describes an apparatus that can be used to study the Raman and fluorescence spectra of liquids and solids up to pressures above 80 kilobar and in the temperature range between about 100 and 500 K. Basically, the pressure is produced by two opposed Bridgman anvils, whereby at least one anvil is made out of transparent sapphire material. This allows back scattered Raman measurements from a sample which is in the same environment as a small ruby crystal. The fluorescence lines of the ruby crystal at 14432 and 14404 cm−1 are frequency shifted by pressure and temperature and this effect is used to accurately measure the pressure in the cell. Raman spectra of water in the liquid, ice VI, VII, and VIII phases are given here to illustrate the capability of this apparatus.
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