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Volume 1

Select this Article		Automatic Calorimetry in the 3–30 K Range. The Specific Heat of Copper Douglas L. Martin, L. L. T. Bradley, W. J. Cazemier, and Robert L. Snowdon Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 675 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686220 (10 pages) \| Cited 27 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Automatic data acquisition is by means of a slightly modified version of a hard‐wired system described previously (Martin and Snowdon, 1970) combined with an on‐line minicomputer which controls the calorimeter heating rate and computes temperature and specific heat. The new cryostat, calorimeter assembly, and adiabatic shield control are briefly described. Experiments to verify the accuracy of germanium thermometry with the automatic ac bridge are detailed. Operation of the system is illustrated by results on pure copper which show a standard deviation of 0.3% (mostly due to temperature scale defects rather than inherent lack of precision) and agree well with the Copper Reference Equation below 20 K but above this temperature agree more closely with the results of Cetas, Tilford, and Swenson [Phys. Rev. 174, 835 (1968)].

Select this Article		A Rocket‐Borne Instrument for the Measurement of Nighttime Atmospheric Densitites Jacques‐Alain Quessette and Joseph M. Ajello Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 685 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686221 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A rocket instrument has been designed for the determination of nighttime atmospheric densities by means of resonant scattering. By illuminating the atmosphere with an intense parallel beam of light at the resonant wavelength of an atmospheric gas and observing the back scattering, it is possible to determine either relative or absolute atmospheric densities. In particular, the measurement of atomic hydrogen densities from 70 to 110 km will be considered.

Select this Article		Linearity and Fatigue in Photomultipliers A. Fenster, J. C. LeBlanc, W. B. Taylor, and H. E. Johns Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 689 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686222 (6 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper a tester is described which can be used to determine the linearity and fatigue in photomultipliers. Using this device, we have shown how to find the optimum arrangement of voltages to be applied to the dynodes of the photomultipliers to give linearity over the greatest possible range. When perfect linearity cannot be achieved, we have described a method which may be used to correct measured results for the lack of linearity. Detailed results are given for the 1P28 photomultiplier, but most of the ideas can similarly be applied to the other types.

Select this Article		An ac Bridge Circuit for Low Temperature Thermometry E. Zair and A. J. Greenfield Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 695 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686223 (3 pages) \| Cited 10 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The introduction of a precision, inductive, decade ratio transformer to serve as a voltage divider together with voltage followers permits one to construct a 4‐terminal ac bridge with an accuracy of better than 0.001%. Such a bridge is particularly suitable for accurate (0.003%) low‐temperature Ge resistance thermometry. This bridge also makes possible the direct intercomparison of different Ge resistance thermometers, thus allowing a direct and therefore more accurate determination of temperature gradients.

Select this Article		Measurement of High Resistivity Semiconductors Using the van der Pauw Method Patrick M. Hemenger Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 698 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686224 (3 pages) \| Cited 47 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Apparatus is described that permits measurement of the electrical transport properties of semiconductors with resistance values over 10¹² Ω. The system utilizes a guarded approach to the van der Pauw method which simplifies sample geometry and contacting and permits evaluation of thin layers. The equipment is easy to operate, reliable, and constructed of readily available commercially purchased components.

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Jun 1973

Volume 44, Issue 6, pp. 675-779

Find articles by AUTHORNAME

Select this Article		A Gas Discharge Electron Gun for the Generation of Submicrosecond Pulses of High Energy Electrons C. H. H. Carmichael, R. K. Garnsworthy, and L. E. S. Mathias Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 701 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686225 (4 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The pulsed electron gun described in this paper is of simple construction and is intended for use in studies of ionization and excitation in high pressure gases. It employs a high‐voltage discharge in helium gas and emits a 50 mm diam beam of 100 keV electrons through a titanium foil window, the transmitted pulse having an energy of approximately 1 J. The use of a coaxial discharge circuit results in a pulse duration of the order of 100 nsec. Graphs are presented showing the performance as a function of the voltage applied to the gun and of the gas pressure in the discharge region. It was found that adjustment of this pressure over the range 1–40 Pa varied the pulse duration from 300–30 nsec.

Select this Article		A Simple Method for Electronic Division in Modulation Spectroscopy Yoshiro Sasaki, Chihiro Hamaguchi, Masayoshi Yamada, and Junkichi Nakai Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 705 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686226 (3 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An electronic servo system has been developed to perform the I ₀ΔR ∕ I ₀R division in modulation spectroscopy measurements, which is operable under variable extraneous incident light intensity. Response faster than that of the mechanical servo system is easily achieved in the electronic servo system.

Select this Article		A Rugged Silver‐Silver Chloride Electrode for Field Use Robert F. Corwin and Ugo Conti Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 708 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686227 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A rugged silver‐silver chloride electrode has been developed and used successfully in a variety of field applications. The electrode housing is made of 2.54 cm o.d. clear acrylic plastic rod. The filling solution is 2.7M potassium chloride saturated with silver chloride, and contact with the external medium is made through a porous ceramic rod. Results of laboratory and field tests measuring the response of the electrode to chemical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical disturbances are presented.

Select this Article		High Speed Single Event Sampler Hector A. Baldis and Jamshid Aazam‐Zanganeh Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 712 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686228 (3 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper is described a circuit that has been developed for recording fast single electronic events. The single event signal is sampled with a time resolution of 2 nsec and stored in a memory bank after all the samples have been digitized.

Select this Article		Distortions of Time‐of‐Flight Signals Wen S. Young Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 715 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686229 (6 pages) \| Cited 20 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Use of the time‐of‐flight (TOF) technique in molecular beam applications is reviewed. If the peak signal height and the hydrodynamic flow time are used as the normalization quantities, then a convenient dimensionless TOF signal is obtained in a double‐convolutional integral form which involves three dimensionless functions: the molecular beam speed distribution function, the chopper gate function, and the dynamic function of the detector and its electronics. The latter two functions are characterized, respectively, by the dimensionless characteristic times T and τ_e. Numerical examples demonstrate distortions of TOF signals caused by these characteristic times and errors made in analyzing TOF signals when not taking into account the effects of T and τ_e. The orders of magnitudes of T and τ_e are not negligible; therefore, their effects should be treated in TOF signal data reductions.

Select this Article		Improved Space Focusing of Polar Diatomic Molecules in a System of Quadrupole and Hexapole Fields J. J. Everdij, A. Huijser, and N. F. Verster Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 721 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686230 (5 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper describes a method for the compensation of the spherical aberration of a polar diatomic molecule in an electrostatic quadrupole field. This perturbation, caused by the higher order terms in the Stark effect, limits the opening angle of the lens and is compensated by an electrostatic hexapole field placed in the middle of the quadrupole field where the influence is the strongest. A detailed mathematical treatment of the motion of a molecule in a composite lens is given and the calculations show that the transmission of the lens increases by a factor 5. Preliminary experiments confirm the theoretical predictions.

Select this Article		Magnetic Multipole Containment of Large Uniform Collisionless Quiescent Plasmas Rudolf Limpaecher and K. R. MacKenzie Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 726 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686231 (6 pages) \| Cited 318 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Over 1200 Alnico magnets (1.3 × 1.3 × 4 cm) are used to contain a conventional discharge plasma produced by 1–20 A of emission from 6–48 small filaments at − 60 V. Densities up to 10¹² ions∕cm³ are produced in argon at 2 × 10⁻³ Torr. At 5 × 10⁻⁶ Torr typical parameters are: 8 × 10¹⁰ ions∕cm³; n_i ∕ n₀ ≈ 0.7; T_e ≈ 5 eV; T_i ≈ 0.5 eV; noise 〈 δn∕n 〉 ≈ 2 × 10⁻⁴; and < 1% nonuniformity over a volume 31 cm diam by 69 cm. Uniform dense plasmas of He, D, and H are also produced. The ion containment appears to be both magnetic and electrostatic.

Select this Article		A Digital Microwave Frequency Lock System Lecon Woo and Donald H. Levy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 732 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686232 (6 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The design and performance of a digital microwave frequency lock system is described. The system locks a microwave source to a fixed intermediate frequency oscillator by digitally comparing the down‐converted microwave frequency to the IF. The microwave source may be frequency swept at a variable rate whose precision is the same as the reference oscillator, and the microwave source retains the long term stability of the fixed frequency reference oscillator even when the microwave frequency is being swept. The digital frequency lock system is compared with an analog phase lock system, and it is concluded that the digital frequency lock is superior with respect to capture range and reliability, identical with respect to long term stability, and inferior with respect to spectral purity.

Select this Article		A Low Noise, Very Low Power Charge Sensitive Amplifier for Space Applications F. Evangelisti, G. Orsi, and G. Ventura Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 738 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686233 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A charge sensitive preamplifier (CSP) followed by an amplifier with pulse shaping networks (PSA) of single differentiation‐single integration type (SDSI), designed to be used with uncooled silicon nuclear particle detectors aboard space vehicles, is described. Noise performance at 5 μsec SDSI time constant was measured to be 0.91 keV FWHM_Si with a slope of 43 eV∕pF. The total power drain is 42 mW at + 12 V supply. The amplifier is stabilized against supply voltage and temperature variations.

Select this Article		Automatic Recording of Faraday Rotation and Circular Dichroism H. Harms and E. Feldtkeller Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 742 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686234 (2 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An instrument is described which allows automatic recording of the temperature or magnetic‐field dependence of both the magneto‐optic Faraday rotation and the ellipticity angle of circular dichroism of magnetic samples. The instrument includes a Wollaston analyzer prism, two light detectors, and an operational amplifier circuit containing an electronic divider for eliminating the influence of light intensity variations. Changes of 10″ in the Faraday rotation angle and of 1′ in the angle of circular dichroism are detectable with our equipment.

Select this Article		UHV Systems for Surface Studies by Ion Scattering G. H. Wheatley and C. W. Caldwell Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 744 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686235 (4 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Two UHV systems have been built for studies of solid surfaces by ion backscattering in the energy ranges (a) 0.5–50 keV and (b) 100–300 keV on separate ion accelerators. The UHV systems are similar in most respects except that (b) has LEED optics. The stainless steel chamber with integral pumping system encloses a goniometer in which the sample can be rotated and tilted for alignment of a crystal axis with the beam. The sample can also be translated across the beam. The energies of backscattered ions are measured in an electrostatic analyzer which has three independent motions to allow the analyzer to be precisely aimed at the beam spot on the sample. The chamber sits on a table which can be adjusted vertically and horizontally. Samples can be inserted conveniently through a 3.8 cm side port and attached to the goniometer with a special tool. Special problems encountered in mating a UHV system to an ion accelerator will be discussed. Results of measurements in system (a) have been reported [D. J. Ball, T. M. Buck, D. MacNair, and G. H. Wheatley, Surface Sci. 30, 69 (1972)].

Select this Article		A Linear Accelerator for Simulated Micrometeors J. C. Slattery, D. G. Becker, B. Hamermesh, and N. L. Roy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 755 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686238 (8 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Theory, design parameters, and construction details are presented for a linac which accelerates charged microparticles in the 1–10 μ diam range to meteoric velocities. The linac is of the Sloan‐Lawrence (low‐frequency, ac driven) type and contains 92 accelerating gaps with 100 kV accelerating potential applied at each gap. Particles are injected into the linac after preacceleration by a 1.6 MV modified Van de Graaff, giving a total accelerating potential of 10.8 MV for the system. In a significant departure from conventional accelerator practice, the linac is adapted to single particle operation by employing a square wave driving voltage with the frequency automatically adjusted from 12.5 to 125 kHz according to the variable velocity of each injected particle. Radial focusing is entirely second‐order and is adequate to contain the particle ``beam'' within 1.8 cm diam. Compared to the Van de Graaff alone, the linac provides a particle mass increase of about 300 times for a given velocity, or a velocity increase of about 2.5 times for a given mass.

Select this Article		An Efficient Continuously Operated Cold Trap R. S. Timsit and A. K. C. Kiang Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 770 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686241 (1 page) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A liquid nitrogen cold trap 140 cc in volume, constructed from glass and suitable for continuous operation is described. When the trap is operated automatically the liquid nitrogen consumption remains low at about 2 liters per day.

Select this Article		A Portable Millisecond‐Integration‐Time Photoelectric Photometer John T. McGraw, Donald C. Wells, and Jerry R. Wiant Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 748 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686236 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Portable equipment for recording millisecond‐integration‐time photoelectric photometric data is described. Digital data are reliably recorded on standard 6.35 mm audio grade magnetic tape via a quadradial audio grade tape deck. The system is designed specifically for recording lunar occulations of stars, but the data recording technique is independent of the data source. Recovery of the data is made via minicomputer.

Select this Article		An External Voltage Sweep for Field‐Regulated Magnets S. H. Glarum Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 752 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686237 (3 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Modifications which permit control and sweeping of Hall‐effect magnetic‐field regulators by an external voltage source are presented. A four‐quadrant multiplier is used as a modulator. Cost is nominal, installation and alignment straightforward, and no loss in performance with respect to stability, linearity, and accuracy is introduced for most applications.

Select this Article		Dual Beam Flash Photolysis System for Studying Transients J. C. LeBlanc, A. Fenster, D. W. Whillans, M. A. Herbert, and H. E. Johns Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 763 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686239 (6 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A dual beam flash photolysis system for studying the kinetics of transient species is described. The system has high sensitivity and is capable of detecting species absorbing 0.1% of the analyzing light with a noise level equivalent to 0.02% of the analyzing light. This high sensitivity has been achieved by producing an intense (6.2×10¹⁸ photons in the uv) flash of short duration (0.9 μsec to decay to half height and 3 μsec to decay to 1%). We have also used an analyzing lamp which is intensified to 30 times its normal brightness and a long path (27 cm) through the solution. The photomultipliers have been adjusted to be linear up to 10 mA so that the potentialities of the intensified analyzing beam may be exploited. Spurious transients produced in the water have been reduced by careful distillation of the water followed by further purification through the photolysis reaction of the flash itself. The configuration of the apparatus and components is described in detail.

Select this Article		Thermal Conductivity Cell as a Pressure Gauge P. J. Freud and G. M. Rothberg Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 769 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686240 (1 page) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A thermal conductivity measurement cell is utilized as a high pressure gauge for hydrostatic media. It is based upon the pressure dependence of the thermal conductivity of the media. The gauge offers electrical readout and high sensitivity compared to a typical manganin resistance cell.

Select this Article		An Apparatus for Measuring Fluid Stirring Temperatures A. San Miguel Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 771 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686242 (1 page) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An apparatus utilizing quartz thermometer probe as a fluid stirring agitator is described.

Select this Article		An Infrared Cell for Catalyst Studies P. R. Ryason Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 772 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686243 (2 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A stainless steel quartz cell for infrared transmission spectrophotometry of catalyst wafers is described. Wafer temperatures can be varied over a range from 900 to −196°C. The spectral range covered depends on the window material; a variety of windows can be used. With a 5–10 mg catalyst wafer in place in the cell, pressures in the low 10⁻⁹ Torr region have been attained.

Select this Article		A Rotatable Target Holder for a LEED Diffractometer James M. Burkstrand Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 774 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686244 (2 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A target holder suitable for ultrahigh vacuum experimentation is described that allows rotation of the target about an axis perpendicular to its surface, in addition to the motions supplied by a commercial sample manipulator.