Rev. Sci. Instrum. - Review of Scientific Instruments

Volume/Page
Keyword
DOI
Citation
Advanced

Volume: Page/Article:

Search Content Type

article doi:

Citation:

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Year Range:

2013

Volume 84

2012

Volume 83

2011

Volume 82

2010

Volume 81

2009

Volume 80

2008

Volume 79

2007

Volume 78

2006

Volume 77

2005

Volume 76

2004

Volume 75

2003

Volume 74

2002

Volume 73

2001

Volume 72

2000

Volume 71

1999

Volume 70

1998

Volume 69

1997

Volume 68

1996

Volume 67

1995

Volume 66

1994

Volume 65

1993

Volume 64

1992

Volume 63

1991

Volume 62

1990

Volume 61

1989

Volume 60

1988

Volume 59

1987

Volume 58

1986

Volume 57

1985

Volume 56

1984

Volume 55

1983

Volume 54

1982

Volume 53

1981

Volume 52

1980

Volume 51

1979

Volume 50

1978

Volume 49

1977

Volume 48

1976

Volume 47

1975

Volume 46

1974

Volume 45

1973

Volume 44

Issue 12 | Dec | pp. 1691-1795

Issue 11 | Nov | pp. 1561-1677

Issue 10 | Oct | pp. 1451-1547

Issue 9 | Sep | pp. 1167-1438

Issue 8 | Aug | pp. 937-1150

Issue 7 | Jul | pp. 793-924

Issue 6 | Jun | pp. 675-779

Issue 5 | May | pp. 539-661

Issue 4 | Apr | pp. 367-523

Issue 3 | Mar | pp. 265-350

Issue 2 | Feb | pp. 107-246

Issue 1 | Jan | pp. 1-87

1972

Volume 43

1971

Volume 42

1970

Volume 41

1969

Volume 40

1968

Volume 39

1967

Volume 38

1966

Volume 37

1965

Volume 36

1964

Volume 35

1963

Volume 34

1962

Volume 33

1961

Volume 32

1960

Volume 31

1959

Volume 30

1958

Volume 29

1957

Volume 28

1956

Volume 27

1955

Volume 26

1954

Volume 25

1953

Volume 24

1952

Volume 23

1951

Volume 22

1950

Volume 21

1949

Volume 20

1948

Volume 19

1947

Volume 18

1946

Volume 17

1945

Volume 16

1944

Volume 15

1943

Volume 14

1942

Volume 13

1941

Volume 12

1940

Volume 11

1939

Volume 10

1938

Volume 9

1937

Volume 8

1936

Volume 7

1935

Volume 6

1934

Volume 5

1933

Volume 4

1932

Volume 3

1931

Volume 2

1930

Volume 1

Select this Article		Static ultrahigh pressures above 500 kilobars R. E. Lorent Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1691 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686033 (3 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A two‐stage apparatus for ultrahigh pressures has been developed. It consists of a pair of Bridgman anvils in a Bundy‐type high compression belt. A normal working pressure for this arrangement is 160 kilobars in the outside belt, which gives around 700 kilobars between both Bridgman anvils or only 500 kilobars if we consider Drickamer's new calibration values. A new calibration point is proposed: ZnS maximum of resistance at 640 or 480 kilobars. The apparatus is capable of reaching pressures far above the last known calibration point of ZnS at 550 or 415 kilobars in a new scale. Attempts to convert graphite to metallic carbon without heating have not been successful.

Select this Article		High‐gain imaging electron multiplier W. B. Colson, J. McPherson, and F. T. King Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1694 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686034 (3 pages) \| Cited 20 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The chevron‐shaped channel electron multiplier is a device which combines the high‐gain pulse‐counting operation of single channel electron multipliers with the imaging capabilities of microchannel arrays. It produces charge pulses averaging more than 10⁷ electrons and these gain magnitudes fall into a quasi‐Gaussian distribution with a full width at half‐maximum FWHM of approximately 130%. Suppression of ion feedback makes possible both imaging and low noise counting applications over large areas. Dark count rates are typically 1 count∕sec cm², and the dynamic range of operation covers 5–6 decades. Active areas over 45 mm diam have been fabricated, with uniform characteristics. Limiting resolution has been measured at 5 line pairs per millimeter. Because of the short length of each channel electron multiplier, the rise time and width of the output charge pulses are extremely short; large signal pulses have been detected with rise times as short as 400 psec.

Select this Article		A large volume quiescent plasma in a uniform magnetic field Earl R. Ault and K. R. MacKenzie Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1697 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686035 (3 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A reasonably uniform cylindrical plasma, 15–20 cm diam, and collisionless for many wave experiments, is generated in fields up to 500 G by applying 200 V of rf at 80 Mc to a fine wire grid stretched across a diameter. Axial containment is provided by opposing sets of μ‐metal strips that gather lines of force and create multimirror fields. Drift waves are inhibited by a short range peripheral alternating shear field, produced by an azimuthal ring of bar magnets. Densities are 10⁸−10⁹ ions∕cm³ in argon with electron temperatures up to 12 eV, with a noise level, δn ∕ n ≈ 3 × 10⁻³, over the ion acoustic frequency range.

Select this Article		Precise resistance ratio measurements using a superconducting dc ratio transformer I. K. Harvey and H. C. Collins Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1700 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686036 (3 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The application of a superconducting dc ratio transformer to precise resistance ratio measurement at temperatures below 2.2 K is described. Resistors of Si☒Cu alloy have been tested for stability under thermal cycling and their load coefficient has been measured. The load coefficient measurements lead to a determination of the combined thermal conductance of the wire insulation and Kapitza thermal boundary conductance.

Select this Article		The use and limitations of an electrostatic analyzer for time resolving an electron beam distribution function L. P. Mix, D. W. Swain, and J. Chang Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1703 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686037 (6 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A technique is described for time resolving, to nanosecond precision, the velocity distribution of a periodically varying electron beam and for generating a direct plot of the entire phase plane distribution function. Calculations are presented to indicate the maximum time rate‐of‐change of the distribution function which may be accurately observed with this technique. The high‐frequency response obtainable with this technique makes it a powerful diagnostic tool for use in studying the interaction of an electron beam with plasmas and, in particular, the trapping phenomenon in beam‐plasma interactions.

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Dec 1973

Volume 44, Issue 12, pp. 1691-1795

Find articles by AUTHORNAME

Select this Article		The electric field and geometrical factor of an annular curved plate electrostatic analyzer H. Moestue Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1709 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686038 (5 pages) \| Cited 13 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Response and geometrical factor of a charged particle energy spectrometer are presented. Both a theoretical and an experimental approach are used. A set of two annular curved deflection plates constitutes the energy analyzer of the spectrometer. The analyzer has the features of large geometrical factor, high angular and energy resolution, and small size, which makes it specially well suited for space flight applications.

Select this Article		A capacitance method for measurement of film thickness in two‐phase flow Mustafa R. Özgü, John C. Chen, and Nikolai Eberhardt Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1714 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686039 (3 pages) \| Cited 11 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new capacitance method is described for the measurement of local, time‐varying or steady‐state film thickness in two‐phase flow studies. The method is suitable for use in simple and complex geometries, and works for either electrically nonconducting or slightly conducting fluids. Test data were obtained on bubbles of different lengths rising in a circular tube filled with water. Results for film thicknesses and bubble residence times showed good self‐consistency and agreement with other available data.

Select this Article		A simple turbidimeter for rapid determination of low bacteria concentrations Aldo Piccialli and Sergio Piscitelli Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1717 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686040 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A differential photometric ratio system for turbidity measurements is described. The high sensitivity of this instrument permits the measurement of very low densities of bacterial populations suspended in liquid media. The sensitivity is in the range between 10⁴ and 10⁶ cells∕ml in natural aquatic environments.

Select this Article		A double beam photon counting spectrophotometer M. Schlesinger and T. Szczurek Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1720 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686041 (2 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A rather simple double beam adapter which makes possible the use of a McPherson model 225 vacuum uv monochromator as a double beam spectrophotometer is described. The principal features of the instrument are a photon counting arrangement resulting in a digital ratio measurement and an analog trace end result.

Select this Article		A gas circulation system, using a Toepler pump, for the construction of a polarized ³He target R. S. Timsit, W. Hilger, and J. M. Daniels Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1722 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686042 (3 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF See Also: Erratum
	+ -	Show Abstract A flow system capable of circulating polarized ³He gas between a target chamber and an optical pumping volume has been constructed. The two vessels hold the gas at pressures of approximately 760 and 1 Torr, respectively. The circulation unit consists of a reliable Toepler pump and a gas retrieval device made from a heated length of glass capillary tubing with a copper wire insert. Under the conditions of our experiment, the ³He gas circulation rate may be varied between 0.50 and 0.15 cc STP min⁻¹.

Select this Article		A versatile and inexpensive electronic system for a high resolution NMR spectrometer S. Kan, P. Gonord, C. Duret, J. Salset, and C. Vibet Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1725 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686043 (9 pages) \| Cited 32 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The complete electronic system of a frequency‐sweep 240 MHz NMR spectrometer working with a superconducting magnet is described. Full circuit and construction details are given for the rf sideband generator, pretuned coaxial cavity, af aperiodic synchronous detector, digital frequency synthesizer as well as a phase‐coherent, variable‐frequency, time‐sharing pulse generator. This system, with multichannel irradiation possibilities uses extensively standard integrated logic circuits and can be inexpensively built by any laboratory engaged in NMR research.

Select this Article		High intensity copper atom beam ‐ preliminary results Arnold J. Kelly and Domenic Santavicca Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1734 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686044 (7 pages) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The development of a nozzle which gasdynamically accelerates neutral copper atoms at controlled energy levels, and flux rates suitable for the investigation of inelastic copper atom collision processes is reported. Preliminary test data demonstrate that vapor deposited rhenium nozzles do not degrade in the presence of copper vapor at high temperatures. Operation with high purity helium gas at nozzle stagnation temperatures in the range 2650–2700 K and total stagnation pressures from 1∕4 to 2 atm with continuous copper atom flux rates of [inverted lazy s] 10¹⁸ sec⁻¹ has been maintained, for a total time of 8 1∕2 h to date.

Select this Article		Microtool fabrication by etch pit replication D. A. Kiewit Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1741 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686045 (2 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Small tools can be made by etching one of a variety of crystallographically limited pits into a single crystal mandrel, filling the pit with tool material and removing the mandrel. Fabrication of arrays of chisels and pyramidal points using a silicon mandrel and process technology common in the semiconductor electronics industry is discussed.

Select this Article		Ultrahigh vacuum systems using low temperature pumps L. Y. L. Shen Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1743 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686046 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Low temperature pumping is utilized to achieve pressures as low as 10⁻¹¹ Torr. In the first method, the entire sample chamber is immersed inside liquid helium. The second method, which is more economical than the first one, combines a large capacity titanium sublimation pump and a small cold trap immersed inside a liquid‐helium storage Dewar. The ultrahigh vacuum system described here is economically competitive with the best ion‐pumped vacuum system available today.

Select this Article		The reuse of copper gaskets in demountable vacuum seals L. Y. L. Shen, J. E. Rowe, and E. E. Chaban Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1747 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686047 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple method is described to reuse copper gaskets that seal the steel flanges of ultrahigh vacuum systems. A tapered‐leaf thickness gauge is employed to measure the air gap between the steel flanges. The same copper gasket can be used many times by successively reducing the distance between the sealing flanges.

Select this Article		Dynamic measurement of optical fiber diameter L. G. Cohen and P. Glynn Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1749 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686048 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper describes a novel technique for monitoring the outside dimensions of clad or unclad optical fibers. An oscillating mirror is used to deflect a laser beam with constant velocity across a fiber in order to measure the time interval during which the fiber intercepts the beam and casts a shadow on a photodetector. For 110 μ fibers, individual measurements made every 1∕60 sec are repeatable within a spread of ± 1% from the 330 μsec mean time interval (rms deviation ≈ ± 0.6%). Results are displayed in digital form, but can be converted to an analog signal for use in a servo loop to control the pulling rate of fiber drawing machines. An additional feature of the technique is that fibers with noncircular cross sections can be monitored by making sequential diameter measurements along orthogonal axes of the fiber.

Select this Article		A new polarization‐modulated light scattering instrument Arlon J. Hunt and Donald R. Huffman Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1753 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686049 (10 pages) \| Cited 60 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new light scattering instrument is described for measuring, as a function of scattering angle, the elements of the matrix describing light scattered from small particle systems. The instrument uses a piezo‐optical birefringence modulator to modulate the polarization state of the incident light beam, and uses lock‐in amplifier detection of the scattered light. The first and second harmonics of the modulation frequency are used with various combinations of filters and orientations to give the separate matrix elements. A treatment of a simple scattering experiment by means of Mueller calculus is carried through to illustrate the interactions of the light with the scattering system and with the various components of the measuring instrument. Evaluation of the instrumental performance is shown through measurements on two systems of monodisperse polystyrene spheres of average radius 550 and 3940 Å, compared with Mie calculations. Further measurements on sulfur colloids are presented, and suggestions of the value of this type of instrument in future work are given.

Select this Article		A filter‐wheel solar radiometer for atmospheric transmission studies Glenn E. Shaw, Ronald L. Peck, and Garry R. Allen Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1772 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686051 (5 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A filter‐wheel solar radiometer has been developed for monitoring the atmospheric optical depth at multiple narrow‐wavelength intervals in the visible and near ir regions of the spectrum. Measurements of the direct solar radiations are converted to a digital format and stored in punched tape for eventual analysis by a computer. During stable clear weather condition, the instrument is capable of providing monochromatic optical depths to an estimated rms accuracy of 0.005.

Select this Article		32‐msec scan of the NAD(P)H fluorescence spectrum in single living cells Elli Kohen, Cahide Kohen, Bo Thorell, and Jean‐Marie Salmon Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1784 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686056 (2 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A multichannel microspectrofluorometer based on an electron bombardment silicon camera tube, a multiscaling computer, and a miniature Amici prism for spectrometer, allows the scanning of the NAD(P)H fluorescence emission spectrum from a 30 μ region in a single living EL2 ascites cancer cell, within 32 msec. Observations of changes in the relative maximum emission intensities of two fluorochromes within a same cell are quite possible (for emission maxima ∼ 10–20 nm apart). Thus, in the fluorescence emission spectrum of cells incubated with benzpyrene or dibenzanthracene, the 423 nm (polycyclic hydrocarbon)∕443 nm [NAD(P)H] ratio is 1.25 or over, while it decreases to 1.0 or less upon microelectrophoretic addition of glucose‐6‐phosphate [NAD(P) reduction].

Select this Article		Theoretical and experimental sensitivities of ESR spectrometers using maser techniques J. C. Mollier, J. Hardin, and J. Uebersfeld Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1763 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686050 (9 pages) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have considered theoretically and experimentally a paramagnetic resonance spectrometer, whose cavity contains both the sample to be studied and a beam of ammonia molecules capable of stimulated emission. Different modes of operation are investigated: classical, ``Q‐multiplier'' and marginal oscillator spectrometer. In these two latter cases, the ultimate sensitivity is determined only by the thermal noise in the cavity. It is shown to be the theoretical sensitivity of a spectrometer using a perfect receiver. This sensitivity can be achieved if the stored energy does not exceed an upper limit, depending on properties of the active molecules‐typically 5 × 10⁻¹⁸ J for NH₃.

Select this Article		A simple compact cavity‐tuning arrangement for variable temperature EPR experiments G. R. Sharp and Sushil K. Misra Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1777 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686052 (2 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple cavity‐tuning arrangement, designed for use with a small sample area at variable temperatures, is described. It is easily and economically constructed.

Select this Article		Technique for making a groove for an O‐ring distorted to a nonplanar configuration B. L. Hertzler and M. Kaufman Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1779 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686053 (1 page) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An O‐ring vacuum seal is made around a small hole in the wall of a circular tube by using a groove that is machined in a flat copper disk, which is then pressed to the curvature of the tube.

Select this Article		Filling factor for two‐coil nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer H. Ladjouze and H. Benoit Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1780 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686054 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present an extension of the filling factor for NMR spectrometers with two coils. We calculate the induced flux in the receiving coil and we show that it is possible to separate dimensionless factors which are filling factors.

Select this Article		A technique for high precision angular displacement using a modified Ortec 3701 B positioning mechanism E. M. A. Peixoto, J. C. Nogueira, A. G. Ayrosa, and G. G. B. de Souza Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1782 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686055 (2 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A technique is described for improving the angular resolution of the Ortec 3701 B positioning mechanism by one order of magnitude. This technique extends the original resolution to an angular resolution of 0.01°.

Select this Article		A simple, electrical calibration technique for bolometer detection systems H. B. Alphin and G. A. Fisk Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1786 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686057 (2 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple, purely electrical technique for determining the responsivity of a bolometer detection system is presented. This technique is easy to use and allows the system to be calibrated under actual operating conditions.