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Feb 1972

Volume 43, Issue 2, pp. 189-357

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A Fast Thermal Pulser for Metallic Phase Transformation Studies

Robert L. Forgacs

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 302 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685618 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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A thermal pulser utilizing I2R heating was developed for phase transformation studies in metals. The pulser combines fast rise and fall times and a feedback controlled, flat topped temperature pulse. The temperature sensor is either a three‐legged thermocouple arranged to cancel out IR drops due to current in the sample, or a radiation thermometer. Sample and thermocouple fatigue life were materially improved by employment of a sample mounting arrangement which combined prestretched spring clamps to eliminate sample bowing and a symmetrical design to essentially eliminate transverse magnetic forces on the sample. Measurements show peak temperature of consecutive pulses repeatable to approximately ±1%, and temperature during a pulse from 0.1 to 10 sec in duration constant to approximately ±0.7–1.5%, even for metals with high thermal conductivity. The power capability is adequate to melt thin samples of most metals.

Sensitivity of Radio Frequency Measurements in the Presence of Oscillator Noise

M. W. P. Strandberg

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 307 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685619 (10 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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The inherent sensitivity of an rf measuring system and the effect of the system transmission characteristics on the detectability of the rf source noise are examined. The results are applied to resonant reflection and transmission systems and to a nonresonant transmission system. The conventional reflection cavity paramagnetic resonance system is discussed in detail, and the conclusion is that this configuration will be source noise limited at power levels above 1 mW. Unconventional configurations, such as a dual mode induction cavity or a dual cavity transmission system, would have to be used to achieve higher sensitivity.

Instrumentation for Measuring Magnetic Transitions in the Temperature Range 4.2–300 K

F. Rothwarf, D. Ford, and L. W. Dubeck

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 317 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685620 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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An inexpensive variable temperature probe which operates in the range 4.2–300 K is described along with instrumentation for measuring changes in susceptibility with great accuracy.

Apparatus for the Measurement of Small Angles

A. H. Tong, E. F. Gorey, and C. P. Schneider

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 320 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685621 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Small angles, 30′ or less, cannot be measured with sufficient accuracy by a goniometer. The newly developed small‐angle measurement apparatus (SAM) described here is capable of measuring angles as small as 6′ with a precision of 2%. Theoretical calculations are compared with experimental results derived from both SAM and the goniometer. While this technique was developed for application to polished silicon wafers, it can be used to measure small angles on any reflecting surface.

Heating Rate Controller for Thermally Stimulated Conductivity and Thermoluminescence Measurements

E. G. Manning, M. A. Littlejohn, J. A. Hutchby, and E. M. Oakley

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 324 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685622 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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A temperature controller is described which enables the temperature of a sample mounted on a cold finger to be varied linearly with time. Heating rates between 0.5 and 10 K∕min can be achieved for temperatures between 90 and 300 K. Provision for terminating the sample heating at any temperature between these extremes is available. The temperature can be held at the terminating temperature or be reduced to the starting temperature in a matter of minutes. The controller has been used for thermally stimulated conductivity measurements and should be useful for thermoluminescence measurements as well.

Carbon Resistors as Low Temperature Thermometers

F. J. Kopp and T. Ashworth

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 327 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685623 (6 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Several specific types of carbon resistors (8 Allen‐Bradley and 2 Speer) have been evaluated and compared as low temperature thermometers. Some of the samples demonstrated a reproducibility of about 0.5 mK on cycling between room and helium temperatures after they had been aged. Low resistance types (nominally 2.7 and 10 Ω) exhibited an abrupt change in their resistance‐temperature relationship at 20 K. Standard type BB and EB Allen‐Bradley resistors are useful thermometers; in addition to their reproducibility, they have a smooth resistance‐temperature characteristic which does not have a minimum and which has a useful temperature coefficient throughout the range 4–300 K.
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Mirror Mount for Long Wavelength Lasers

Martin Gundersen, Herbert B. Lloyd, and Bernard W. Poarch

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 333 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685624 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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A mirror mount is described which features independent rotational and translational motion and satisfies high vacuum requirements.

A Self‐Lubricating Drive Screw for Use in High Vacuum Systems

G. Ronald Brown, Peter J. Sowinski, and Richard Pertel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 334 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685625 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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This note describes a stainless steel drive screw, lubricated by a solid Teflon insert, which is useful in high vacuum systems.

Determination of Film Thickness or Ion Etch Rate Using Auger Electron Spectroscopy

R. N. Yasko and L. J. Fried

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 335 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685626 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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The use of Auger electron spectroscopy for the determination of film thicknesses or ion etch rates is described. Because of its simplicity the technique may be preferable to conventional methods such as the microbalance and interferometry techniques.

Low Noise FET Input Amplifier for Low Frequency Applications

Franco Evangelisti

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 338 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685627 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Picosecond Beam Monitor

G. Beck and D. W. Schutt

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 341 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685628 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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A coaxial transmission line beam monitor with a risetime of approximately 18 psec is described. This monitor was used to examine the fine structure of the electron beam from an L‐band linear accelerator.

Water‐Cooled Fiber Optics Probe for Spectrally Resolved Radiation Measurements

J. Heberlein and E. Pfender

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 342 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685629 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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A probe is described which can be swept through an emitting‐absorbing gas layer. The signal is transmitted to a spectrograph by means of a light fiber duct. The probe has been tested for measuring line radiation intensities in a sodium seeded propane air flame. The results suggest the applicability of the probe in flames containing solid particles.

A Simple Continuously Weighed, Rotating Disk Reactor

Malcolm Knapp, Kun Li, and W. O. Philbrook

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 345 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685630 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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A disk is rotated by a drive consisting of an electric motor, batteries, and variable resistor speed control. The entire drive is suspended from an analytical balance which weighs both the disk and the drive. This apparatus is used in fluid‐solid kinetics to achieve uniform mass transfer to a weighed solid.

Copper Wire Thermal Feedthrough for Use at Low Temperatures

G. W. Crabtree, J. B. Ketterson, M. Kuchnir, and P. R. Roach

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 346 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685631 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Construction of a thermal feedthrough which is useful at ultralow temperatures and high magnetic fields is described. The thermal link consists of several thousand small diameter copper wires which are capable of making good thermal contact to liquid helium while minimizing the effects of eddy current heating.

An Ozone Flow Metering System

D. J. Bogan, C. W. Hand, and R. H. Obenauf

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 348 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685632 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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An apparatus to monitor ozone flow rates in the range from 5×10−9 to 10−5 mole⋅sec−1 has been designed and built. Flow measurement is accomplished by timing the pressure drop from a calibrated volume, along with simultaneous photometric determination of ozone partial pressure.

Backward Diodes as Sensitive Detectors for Microwave Spectroscopy

P. Christen, A. Bauder, and Hs. H. Günthard

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 349 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685633 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Signal‐to‐noise ratios for a backward and a point contact diode were investigated as a function of incident amplitude modulated microwave power. Measurements were made for a 30 kHz modulated carrier at 10 GHz. Comparison of the results reveals a gain of at least 10 dB in ultimate sensitivity for the backward diode over the point contact diode. In addition, the beneficial effect of an external dc bias could be substantiated.

Simple Voltage to Time Proportional Controller

M. F. Taragin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 350 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685634 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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A simple voltage to time proportional controller, for use in temperature control circuits is described. The input is the output of a null detector. The output is a relay which can be used to control either a valve or a heater.

A Simplified System for Ferromagnetic Resonance Measurements at Low Temperatures

Eric W. Kyllonen and Fred K. Manasse

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 351 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685635 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Simplified low temperature ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements have been made by modifying the self‐oscillating solid state ESR spectrometer of Walsh and Rupp [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1316 (1970)] to accommodate a specially designed Dewar. An internal heating resistor is used to raise the sample temperature above 77 K. The capability of Dewar rotation allows for measurements of anisotropy effects due to changes of sample orientation in a magnetic field. The complete FMR system can be put together at very low cost.

A Method of Improving Energy Resolution and Increasing Target Thickness in 180° Electron‐Nucleus Scattering

R. E. Rand

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 352 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685636 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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A device is proposed which improves the quality and range of 180° electron nucleus scattering experiments. It consists of a short accelerating structure placed immediately upstream of the target and powered in such a way that it compensates the ionization energy loss suffered by back‐scattered electrons, thus improving both resolution and signal to background ratios. With such a device, resolution is determined mainly by straggling in the target and target thicknesses up to 20 times those permitted by a conventional apparatus may be used.

A Tandem Isothermal Calorimetric Probe Technique for Measuring Atomic Flow Rates

Robert V. Poirier and Robert W. Carr

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 354 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685637 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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An isothermal calorimetric probe apparatus for measuring atom concentrations in flowing gases is described. It uses two inefficient probes, one immediately behind the other, permitting measurements of absolute atom concentrations under experimental conditions where complete removal of atoms by one efficient probe is not feasible. This arrangement also minimizes probe perturbation of the atomic concentration gradient in the apparatus. Measurements of atomic hydrogen flow rates, made in a conventional discharge‐flow system, are presented.
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Comment on ``A Discussion of the Region of Linear Operation of Photomultipliers''

A. W. Sloman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 356 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685638 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Response to A. W. Sloman's Comment on ``A Discussion of the Region of Linear Operation of Photomultipliers''

Peter L. Land

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 357 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685639 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Abstract Unavailable
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A Transistorized 125 kHz Crystal Controlled Oscillator for ESR Modulation

F. J. Blankenburg, J. E. Drumheller, and D. K. Worsencroft

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 357 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685640 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003

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Abstract Unavailable
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