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Select this Article		Double Modulation Method for Hall Effect Measurements on Photoconducting Materials I. Eisele and L. Kevan Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 189 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685593 (6 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new double modulation method for photo‐Hall mobility measurements on high impedance photoconductors is described. The magnetic field is modulated by rotating the sample in the field and the density of charge carriers is modulated by chopping the light beam which induces photoconductivity. The Hall signal is detected at the sum frequency of the two modulations and a clear distinction in phase and frequency between the Hall signal and different error signals is obtained. The method has been tested by measuring the Hall mobility of electrons in γ‐irradiated KCl. μ_H=1.0 exp(646∕T) cm²⋅V⁻¹⋅sec⁻¹ with μ_H=9.0 cm²⋅V⁻¹⋅sec⁻¹ at 300 K.

Select this Article		Low Temperature Apparatus for High Pressure Mössbauer Studies D. L. Williamson, S. Bukshpan, R. Ingalls, and H. Shechter Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 194 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685594 (3 pages) \| Cited 8 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Relatively simple apparatus for lowering the temperature of a sample subjected to a very high pressure is presented. The pressure system is of the supported anvil type and can produce pressures in excess of 200 kilobars. Either a liquid nitrogen flow system or a liquid helium cryostat is used to cool the pressure cell. The pressure transmitting column is made of a special low conductive grade of fiberglass. Sample temperatures of 14 K at pressures up to 170 kilobars can be obtained.

Select this Article		The Design of Optimum Heat Exchangers for Dilution Refrigerators J. D. Siegwarth and Ray Radebaugh Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 197 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685595 (8 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The behavior of discrete heat exchangers as a function of temperature, heat transfer area, and ³He flow rate is shown for a general case by means of some machine calculated curves. From these curves, the appropriate heat exchanger size can be determined for the various steps of a discrete heat exchanger. Also, curves for the mixing chamber temperature T_m as a function of total surface area divided by flow rate for various amounts of external heat to the mixer are shown for the continuous exchanger. From these curves the optimum ³He flow rate for a given heat input and exchanger size can be determined. Viscous heating has been included in the calculation of one typical coaxial tube exchanger. It is found that heating in the dilute stream has negligible effect on T_m, whereas the viscous heating in the concentrated side, though several times smaller than that in the dilute side, has considerably more effect on T_m. Based on this behavior, an improved method of ``heat sinking'' heat leak paths to the mixer is suggested.

Select this Article		Heat Capacity Measurements on Small Samples at Low Temperatures R. Bachmann, F. J. DiSalvo, T. H. Geballe, R. L. Greene, R. E. Howard, C. N. King, H. C. Kirsch, K. N. Lee, R. E. Schwall, H.‐U. Thomas, and R. B. Zubeck Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 205 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685596 (10 pages) \| Cited 296 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We describe a new calorimeter for measuring heat capacity in the range 1–35 K, using a silicon chip bolometer as sample holder, temperature sensor, and sample heater. The apparatus is capable of measuring very small samples (1–500 mg), and may be used with a number of different experimental methods.

Select this Article		Unsteady Radiant Heating of Conical Foil Receptors Robert C. Saunders Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 214 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685597 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The time dependent thermal equations of two types of conical radiation detectors are discussed and solved for a step function application of radiation parallel to the axis of the cases. The first type has a heat sink at the base and the second has the vertex buried in a heat sink to a variable proportion of its total height. It is found that the first case has the lower sensitivity and better time response. The time response of the second case is improved by more deeply burying the vertex, but to the detriment of sensitivity. At no value of this inclusion can both a superior sensitivity and time response be achieved for the second case.

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Feb 1972

Volume 43, Issue 2, pp. 189-357

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Select this Article		A Quantitative Detector for Neutral Particles C. F. Barnett and J. A. Ray Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 218 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685598 (7 pages) \| Cited 8 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A neutral particle detector has been constructed and calibrated for H, He, and N atoms in the energy range 0.5–50 keV. These neutral particles were incident on a Cu or AgMg surface that emitted secondary electrons which were accelerated to 20 keV. These energetic electrons were collected by a silicon barrier detector from which the pulse height spectrum was shown to obey Poisson statistics. From the statistical distribution the detector efficiency was determined. The efficiency of the detector increases from 77% at 0.5 keV to 100% at 2 keV and remains constant at approximately 100% up to 50 keV. Measurements and results are presented for secondary electron and reflection coefficients for electrons and H incident on various surfaces.

Select this Article		Rotating Disk Apparatus for Reaction Rate Studies in Corrosive Liquid Environments D. R. Boomer, C. C. McCune, and H. S. Fogler Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 225 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685599 (5 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper describes the design and use of a rotating disk apparatus for studying reactions between fluids and solid surfaces. The apparatus is capable of operation in extremely corrosive liquid environments under controlled pressures and temperatures up to 70 atm and 150°C. The design includes a unique magnetic drive assembly that allows the disk to be rotated in the high pressure reactor vessel without the need of a stuffing box seal. All parts that contact corrosive fluids are fabricated from Hastelloy alloys and Teflon. A special feature of the reactor vessel is its ready conversion to a high pressure visual cell.

Select this Article		System for Data Acquisition from High Voltage Terminals George W. York, John T. Park, James J. Miskinis, David H. Crandall, and Victor Pol Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 230 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685600 (3 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An inexpensive data acquisition system has been designed to provide high voltage isolation for data acquisition in analog, digital, and pulse modes. The telemetry system uses GaAs light sources, fiber optics, and phototransistors to accomplish the data transmission. Prewired logic boards have been adapted to accomplish the timing and logic functions. Seven decades of digital data are transmitted error free, pulse data can be transmitted at rates up to 1 MHz, and analog data are transmitted with 0.05% full scale accuracy.

Select this Article		Comparison Rheometer J. C. Limpert and P. Schatzberg Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 233 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685601 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A portable comparison rheometer for evaluation of fluids exhibiting drag‐reducing properties has been designed, fabricated, and evaluated. Based on mechanical principles and requiring no external source of power, the apparatus is simple to operate. The device measures the effect on rheological properties of as little as 1 part per million polyethylene oxide in water and can distinguish variations in concentration in the range 0–30 parts per million.

Select this Article		A Well Defined Thermal Shock Transient Test Burner W. C. Spicer, P. T. Ross, and R. L. Newman Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 236 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685602 (9 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A test apparatus for producing calibrated thermal transients in ceramic specimens is described. It consists of a gas‐air burner modified to allow the gas temperature to vary at 1390 K∕sec in both heat‐up and cool‐down modes. Flat plate heat transfer up to 1800 W∕m²⋅K is achievable. By using a known heat transfer environment, the thermal stresses in a test specimen can be compared with those produced in an operational engine.

Select this Article		A Closed Wet Cell for the Electron Microscope Ernest F. Fullam Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 245 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685603 (3 pages) \| Cited 13 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Based on early experiments, a simple closed wet cell has been designed to retain volatile material in the vacuum of the transmission electron microscope. A description is given of the procedure for making the triple film windows for retaining liquid in the cell yet permitting good electron beam penetration and the clamping arrangement of the windows to seal the edge. The assembly and use of the cell are described. Electron micrographs are shown of chromium hydroxide spheres suspended in water that indicate a mechanism of formation of the spheres.

Select this Article		Analog Plasma Diagnostic System D. R. Nordlund and O. P. Breaux Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 248 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685604 (3 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The simple electronic diagnostic system described provides a calibrated oscilloscope display of a Langmuir probe I‐V characteristic, its first and second derivative curves, the electron energy distribution function, and the ``cumulative'' electron number density. The system also provides a simple method for determining plasma potential and—if it exists—the electron temperature. Data taken in a low temperature mercury discharge are compared with data taken by means of the well known harmonic second derivative technique. An electron number density of 4.9×10¹⁶ m⁻³ and an electron temperature of 9.7×10³ K found with the new system compare very favorably to values of 4.7×10¹⁶ m⁻³ and 9.9×10³ K determined from the harmonic second derivative data. The system described features more rapid data reduction and lower cost than harmonic systems.

Select this Article		Pseudodiamagnetic Suspension Leonard S. Wilk Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 251 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685605 (8 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A device is described that develops stable levitating forces in a magnetic field of the same vector form that a diamagnet would (thus called pseudodiamagnetic suspension) but of substantially larger magnitude. Although requiring an energy source, it can be completely self‐contained. A laboratory experiment is described where stable suspension was provided at the rate of 232 kg∕W. The analysis is extended to the electric field case (which is shown to be analogous and is called pseudodiadielectric suspension) and to an orthogonal set of superconducting rings. The superconducting rings can also be levitated in stable equilibrium and they do not need an energy supply.

Select this Article		Cylindrical Mirror Analyzer with Surface Entrance and Exit Slots. II. Relativistic Part H. Z. Sar‐El Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 259 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685606 (5 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The relativistic treatment of the cylindrical mirror analyzer with surface entrance and exit slots is presented. Theoretically, its operation was found to be entirely unrestricted by the relativistic effect even for ultrarelativistic particles. A comparison of this device with other double focusing magnetic and electrostatic analyzers is presented.

Select this Article		Double Pulse Measurements of Avalanching p‐n Junction Submicrosecond Transient Thermal Response J. Nigrin Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 264 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685607 (5 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A method is presented for measuring the transient thermal response of avalanching p‐n junctions. The transient response as close as 50–100 nsec after the step‐like change of the power dissipation at the junction can be measured with an accuracy of ±0.4°C and about 40 nsec. Experiments show a sharp change of junction temperature, approaching closely the square root time dependence, during the first microsecond after the change of power dissipation.

Select this Article		A Multiampere DuoPIGatron Ion Source R. C. Davis, O. B. Morgan, L. D. Stewart, and W. L. Stirling Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 278 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685611 (6 pages) \| Cited 32 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An ion source consisting of a duoplasmatron feeding a PIG discharge system has been built and is named a duoPIGatron. The extraction electrodes, located at the end of the PIG discharge opposite the duoplasmatron, are accel‐decel with a 5 cm diam and multiapertures. The source is simple, flexible, and efficient. 1 A beams are extracted in steady‐state operation with ion energies from 1.5 to 5 keV. 4 A beams are extracted with 0.1 sec pulses and a 10% duty cycle at ion energies of 20 to 40 keV. At 30 to 40 keV, about 60% of the ion beam is within a half‐angular divergence of 1.2° with no magnetic lens. Using a hydrogen gas cell this system produces 2.6 A (equivalent) of 17.5 and 35 keV H⁰ particles within a half‐angular divergence of 1.2°. One of the present limitations in scaling the source to larger beams is the current capabilities of the power supplies. As larger supplies are available attempts will be made to scale this system to the 10 A beam modules needed for future fusion research.

Select this Article		Apparatus for Environmental Friction‐Adhesion Studies Using Ultrahigh Vacuum Techniques R. G. Aldrich and G. M. Hunt Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 285 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685613 (5 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An apparatus is described for the real‐time analysis of sliding friction and normal force adhesion phenomena using ultrahigh vacuum techniques. Developed for the purpose of investigating the effects of surface cleaning, temperature, and deliberate gaseous contamination on the adhesion behavior of selected candidate materials for use in the NERVA nuclear rocket engine program, the system was designed to measure contact resistance by a four terminal ac (constant current‐voltage drop) instrument calibrated in resistance. Using a torsion balance technique the relationship between the normal compressive load applied across crossed rod samples and the resultant contact resistance is used to ascertain the extent of contact area growth under anticipated service conditions. The apparatus can accommodate sample temperatures to 3000 K and maintain gaseous environments from pressures of 1 atm to 10⁻¹¹ Torr. Contact resistance in the range 10³–10⁻⁴ Ω, normal compressive loads from 1 mg to 600 g, and∕or tangential loads to 155 g are displayed continuously in an analog fashion. Contact resistance data taken for a variety of metallic, intermetallic, and graphitic materials combinations have indicated the rate and extent of contact area growth to be expected during service and the effectiveness of gaseous lubricants in preventing adhesion. Typical data are presented for the materials combination 440C stainless steel vs 440C stainless steel.

Select this Article		Optical Switch for Transient Plasma Diagnostics R. E. McIntosh Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 268 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685608 (3 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A photometric technique is described which facilitates the determination of the electron number density profile of a plasma generated by transient microwave pulses.

Select this Article		A High‐Voltage Current Regulator for Laser Gas Discharge Tubes Michael J. Posakony Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 270 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685609 (4 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The design and applications of high voltage range series current regulators are discussed. A sample design maintains the current to within 1% of a selected value between 100 μA and 50 mA over a 15 kV voltage range. The regulator is ideal for regulating or pulsing laser gas discharges. The circuit can also be used as a high output voltage amplifier; in this service it can deliver 10 kV at 5 kHz with 1.4% total harmonic distortion.

Select this Article		A Simple Dilution Refrigerator James L. Levine Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 274 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685610 (4 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple and reliable dilution refrigerator is described for routine measurements below 0.06 K. Novel construction techniques are used to reduce the number of potentially troublesome low temperature joints to a minimum, and to facilitate sample changing.

Select this Article		An Improved Method for Locating Charged Particle Tracks in Thin Plastic Sheets Fred Geisler and P. R. Phillips Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 283 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685612 (2 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new electrical method is presented for locating tracks of charged particles in very thin plastic sheets. Short high voltage pulses are employed rather than the steady voltages used previously. The method is applicable to plastic sheets of large area and of thickness down to 3.5 μ. The background is low and the efficiency greater than 85%.

Select this Article		Study of He☒Se Laser Performance K. G. Hernqvist and D. C. Pultorak Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 290 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685614 (3 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The construction and performance of He☒Se lasers are described. A comparison is made of the performance of He☒Se, He☒Ne, He☒Cd, and He☒Zn lasers.

Select this Article		Real Time Measurement of Induced Variation of Birefringence in Transparent Media F. Micheron and G. Bismuth Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 292 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685615 (2 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An apparatus permitting high accuracy measurements of fast variation of birefringence in various media has been built using the following principle. A feedback loop cancels automatically the corresponding rotation of the light polarization vector by a calibrated voltage change applied to a KDP crystal. It has been used to measure the optical damage effect in electro‐optic crystals such as LiNbO₃.

Select this Article		A Counting Interval Normalization Circuit for Low Signal Level Spectroscopy C. E. Hathaway and Larry A. Rahn Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 294 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685616 (5 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Low signal level spectroscopy often requires long data accumulation periods per spectral position. If the data are acquired in digital form, the accumulation period per spectral position must be adjusted to correct for fluctuations in the power output of the excitation source. A circuit has been designed which monitors the source and adjusts the data accumulation period to normalize it to the source power output. The circuit has been applied to Raman scattering experiments to demonstrate its performance.

Select this Article		A Reliable Multimegavolt Voltage Divider D. G. Pellinen and I. Smith Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 299 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685617 (3 pages) \| Cited 13 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A two stage, dc coupled, linear resistive voltage divider having a risetime of 1.5 nsec has been used to measure voltage pulses up to 1.8 MV on a pulsed electron accelerator. The monitor has proved to be stable, reliable, and has required little maintenance.