Rev. Sci. Instrum. - Review of Scientific Instruments

Volume/Page
Keyword
DOI
Citation
Advanced

Volume: Page/Article:

Search Content Type

article doi:

Citation:

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Year Range:

2013

Volume 84

2012

Volume 83

2011

Volume 82

2010

Volume 81

2009

Volume 80

2008

Volume 79

2007

Volume 78

2006

Volume 77

2005

Volume 76

2004

Volume 75

2003

Volume 74

2002

Volume 73

2001

Volume 72

2000

Volume 71

1999

Volume 70

1998

Volume 69

1997

Volume 68

1996

Volume 67

1995

Volume 66

1994

Volume 65

1993

Volume 64

1992

Volume 63

1991

Volume 62

1990

Volume 61

1989

Volume 60

1988

Volume 59

1987

Volume 58

1986

Volume 57

1985

Volume 56

1984

Volume 55

1983

Volume 54

1982

Volume 53

1981

Volume 52

1980

Volume 51

1979

Volume 50

1978

Volume 49

1977

Volume 48

1976

Volume 47

1975

Volume 46

1974

Volume 45

1973

Volume 44

1972

Volume 43

1971

Volume 42

Issue 12 | Dec | pp. 1755-1897

Issue 11 | Nov | pp. 1561-1740

Issue 10 | Oct | pp. 1393-1546

Issue 9 | Sep | pp. 1283-1380

Issue 8 | Aug | pp. 1111-1268

Issue 7 | Jul | pp. 915-1095

Issue 6 | Jun | pp. 753-899

Issue 5 | May | pp. 561-732

Issue 4 | Apr | pp. 411-548

Issue 3 | Mar | pp. 293-400

Issue 2 | Feb | pp. 189-280

Issue 1 | Jan | pp. 1-174

1970

Volume 41

1969

Volume 40

1968

Volume 39

1967

Volume 38

1966

Volume 37

1965

Volume 36

1964

Volume 35

1963

Volume 34

1962

Volume 33

1961

Volume 32

1960

Volume 31

1959

Volume 30

1958

Volume 29

1957

Volume 28

1956

Volume 27

1955

Volume 26

1954

Volume 25

1953

Volume 24

1952

Volume 23

1951

Volume 22

1950

Volume 21

1949

Volume 20

1948

Volume 19

1947

Volume 18

1946

Volume 17

1945

Volume 16

1944

Volume 15

1943

Volume 14

1942

Volume 13

1941

Volume 12

1940

Volume 11

1939

Volume 10

1938

Volume 9

1937

Volume 8

1936

Volume 7

1935

Volume 6

1934

Volume 5

1933

Volume 4

1932

Volume 3

1931

Volume 2

1930

Volume 1

Select this Article		Molecular Beams of Short Lived Radioactive Nuclides J. R. Grover, F. M. Kiely, E. Lebowitz, and E. Baker Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 293 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685078 (10 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The advantages of the use of molecular beams labeled with short lived (T_☒≈10⁻⁵−10⁻¹ sec) nuclides in crossed beam studies of molecular interactions are discussed. Theoretical expressions useful for the design of effusive sources of such beams are presented. Experiments to verify the theory and develop apparatus capable of generating usefully intense beams are described, with particular reference to beams of HAt made with 0.032 sec ²¹⁷At. Beams of 4×10⁵ molecules∕min incident on a spot 0.4 cm in diameter, 2.5 cm from the collimator, and with angular divergence of 4° have been achieved.

Select this Article		An Apparatus for the Study of Rapid Phase Transformation Kinetics in Metals J. D. Ayers and W. C. Barnes Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 302 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685079 (3 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An apparatus is described which makes possible kinetic studies of phase transformations which occur in metals within times as short as a few milliseconds. The apparatus consists of a capacitor discharge heating unit together with electronic circuitry which permits quantitative kinetic measurements during transformations which produce only small resistivity changes. The small voltage changes produced by the transformations are resolved by differentiating out the dc component of the signal and then integrating the output of the differentiator. Measurements are made on the integrator output, which contains only the ac component of the original signal.

Select this Article		Electron Beam Technique for Measuring Microvolt Changes in Contact Potential F. Steinrisser and Robert E. Hetrick Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 304 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685080 (5 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A low voltage electron beam technique is reported which when coupled with ac detection is capable of measuring periodic changes in contact potential as small as 1.0μV. This sensitivity, which exceeds by a factor greater than 100 the reported sensitivities obtained by other methods, should enhance the usefulness of the contact potential measurement for detailed surface studies, especially in the case of semiconductors. The potential of the technique is demonstrated in the context of high resolution photovoltage measurements in n‐type CdS which may allow for a sensitive form of surface state or surface barrier spectroscopy.

Select this Article		A Safety Shutter for Use on X‐Ray Generators E. H. Farnum Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 309 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685081 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple shutter has been constructed to increase the safety of x‐ray generators used in routine diffraction work. It has been designed to permit easy alignment of an x‐ray camera while minimizing the possibility of accidental release of the x‐ray beam. Failsafe and nearly foolproof, the shutter is particularly suitable where many operators may be using the same x‐ray generator.

Select this Article		A Cryostat for Low Energy Electron Diffraction Work at Liquid Helium Temperatures Myron Strongin, J. M. Dickey, H. H. Farrell, T. F. Arns, and G. Hrabak Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 311 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685082 (5 pages) \| Cited 11 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An apparatus is discussed which has been successfully used for low energy electron diffraction (LEED) experiments at liquid helium temperatures. Problems such as sample cleaning and thermometry are discussed, along with a description of the use of the apparatus in an experiment where argon crystals were grown on the niobium (100) face.

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Mar 1971

Volume 42, Issue 3, pp. 293-400

Find articles by AUTHORNAME

Select this Article		Metastable Atom Probe for Measurement of Electron Beam Density Profiles James M. Lockhart and Jens C. Zorn Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 315 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685083 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A well collimated thermal beam of argon atoms, moving in the z direction, crosses the electron beam that is to be studied. Those argon atoms that are excited by impact to a metastable state proceed, with very little change in speed or direction, to a detector (windowless electron multiplier) some distance away. The neutral atomic beam of the metastable atom probe (MAP) has a negligible interaction with the electromagnetic fields that govern the behavior of the electron beam; moreover, almost no additional space charge is created when the atomic beam is introduced. Thus, if the cross section of the atomic argon beam is small compared to the characteristic dimensions of the electrode structure that defines the electron beam, the metastable atom count rate, monitored as a function of x and y, gives a virtually nonperturbative measurement of the density profile of the electron beam. In this paper we outline the principles and applications of the method, discuss details of its implementation, and give results obtained with an MAP that has a spatial resolution of better than 0.5 mm.

Select this Article		Self‐Balancing Conductance Bridge for Low Temperature Thermometry R. L. Chase Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 319 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685084 (3 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A self‐balancing conductance bridge is described that operates at sufficiently low power levels to be useful for thermometry at very low temperatures. It uses a four‐terminal configuration which largely eliminates the effect of lead resistance. Operation at a low frequency, synchronized with the 60 Hz power frequency, and the use of a wide dynamic range error detector make the bridge very insensitive to hum pickup and capacitive unbalance.

Select this Article		Thermal Conductance Measurement in Electroexplosive Devices by Self‐Balancing Bridge Techniques Louis A. Rosenthal Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 321 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685085 (6 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An electroexplosive device installed as one arm of a self‐balancing bridge will yield a measurement of the thermal contact between the bridgewire and the explosive environment. This thermal conductance measurement can be used as a basic design or quality control parameter.

Select this Article		A Magnetic Monopole Detector Utilizing Superconducting Elements Luis W. Alvarez, Maurilio Antuna, Roscoe A. Byrns, Philippe H. Eberhard, Robert E. Gilmer, Egon H. Hoyer, Ronald R. Ross, Hans H. Stellrecht, John D. Taylor, and Robert D. Watt Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 326 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685086 (5 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An electromagnetic detector has been built to extend the search for magnetic monopoles to the lunar sample returned during the Apollo missions. It is sensitive to the minimum magnetic charge allowed by Dirac's theory and permits analysis of a sample without changing any of its properties. The apparatus consists of a superconducting niobium sensing coil with a core at room temperature, shorted by a superconducting mechanical switch and protected against the effects of variable ambient magnetic field by an adequate shield made of superconducting lead. Characteristic features, performance, and sample containers are described.

Select this Article		Automated Chemical Synthesis Controlled by Computer Generated Programs‐Polypeptides A. M. Tometsko, J. Garden, and J. Tischio Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 331 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685087 (6 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Instrumentation for the automated chemical synthesis of polypeptides controlled by computer generated paper tape programs is described. The automatic chemical reaction system (ACRS) translated binary coded commands from the paper tape into physical operations resulting in the synthesis of a model polypeptide. The commands for the entire synthesis were generated by computers. Using our computer programs for the synthesis of polypeptides, it is necessary only to specify the amino acid sequence and the computer will set up the appropriate sequence of physical operations (wash cycles, stirring, filtration steps, amino acid additions, etc.) to carry out the synthesis of the desired amino acid sequence. The computer could also automatically make adjustments in the synthetic approach to accommodate the unique problems involved in coupling different amino acids.

Select this Article		Application of a Differential Interferometer to the Measurement of Heat Transfer Coefficients W. Z. Black and W. W. Carr Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 337 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685088 (4 pages) \| Cited 14 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The basic components and principles of operation of a differential interferometer are discussed. This type of interferometer is inexpensive, relatively insensitive to vibration, and does not require extensive alignment adjustments. For free convection to an ideal gas the differential interferometer produces a fringe shift that is a function of the temperature gradient. The interferometer described is capable of producing an infinite fringe pattern in which fringe lines correspond to lines of constant index of refraction gradient. These facts make the differential interferometer useful for the measurement of convective heat transfer coefficients and flow visualization, particularly in dynamic systems and in cases where there are rapid fluctuation in the flow structure. A derivation of an expression for the free convection heat transfer coefficient is presented as a function of fringe shift. Several interferograms are included.

Select this Article		An Experimental Arrangement for the Observation of Light Scattering by Polaritons R. Claus Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 341 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685089 (3 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Experimental problems concerned with observation of Raman scattering by polaritons are discussed. An arrangement allowing the observation of scattering processes in parallel planes is described. The method proved to be very useful in order to avoid disturbing effects owing to anisotropy. Spectra of the upper polariton region of LiIO₃ are shown in order to demonstrate the arrangement.

Select this Article		Nondispersive X‐Ray Spectrograph for Analysis of Light Elements down to Beryllium D. Schoenfeldt and M. Pluchery Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 344 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685090 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A nondispersive x‐ray spectrograph, using an x‐ray tube of the Henke type as the excitation source and a proportional counter as the detector, allows the analysis of light elements down to Be.

Select this Article		Balloon Flight Instrumentation for Solar Cell Measurements F. W. Sarles, W. C. Haase, and P. F. McKenzie Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 346 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685091 (8 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Instrumentation has been developed which automatically measures the V‐I characteristics of a number of solar cells and transmits the resultant serialized data stream over an rf telemetry link. This particular system was designed for 64 cells; selection of cells is accomplished entirely by semiconductor circuits utilizing switched feedback techniques. Two hundred and fifty‐two points are taken on the V‐I characteristic, giving detailed information on slopes as well as actual values. Measurement accuracies are 0.03% of full scale for voltage and 0.1% of full scale for current; these do not represent attainable limits but are simply reasonable limits for this specific application. The system described was built to calibrate solar cells on a high altitude balloon flight, but the techniques can be applied equally well to ground or satellite applications.

Select this Article		A Low‐Current Low‐Energy‐Spread Duoplasmatron Ion Source M. Steinberg, B. Yap, and H. H. Fleischmann Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 354 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685092 (2 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Design and operation of a simple duoplasmatron particularly suited for low energy atomic ion scattering experiments are described. With permanent magnets and air cooling, it produces ion currents of about 100 μA having an energy spread of only a few electron volts.

Select this Article		Design and Construction of Multiring Apparatus for Use at High Pressures P. S. Venkatesan Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 377 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685099 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A pressure vessel providing more efficient use of constituent material for containing fluid pressure is based on a multiring assembly wherein the interferences between adjacent rings are chosen so that at all radii, except the last, the working stresses are made equal to each other and made equal to a predetermined value. The design equations are solved by a computer program employing various bore pressures in a 2.54 cm diam chamber using different working stresses and ratios of thickness to inside radius of ring segments.

Select this Article		A Chemical‐Stop Rapid Flow Apparatus Richard W. Lymn, George H. Gibson, and John Hanacek Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 356 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685093 (3 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A rapid flow apparatus with multiple mixers is described, capable of measuring reaction times of 0.008 to 0.5 sec. The solution‐containing parts are of Teflon and Lucite to minimize metal contamination. A rack and pinion drive, using an electric clutch, is described, along with a positive assay valve needed when the apparatus is used as a chemical‐stop flow apparatus.

Select this Article		A Sensitive Linear Capacitance‐to‐Voltage Converter, with Applications to Surface Wave Measurements L. F. McGoldrick Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 359 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685094 (3 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A small size, low power demand, inexpensive device to convert fluctuating capacitance to linearly fluctuating voltage is described. An application of this device to surface wave measurements is made following a description of several transducers for converting fluctuating wave heights to a linearly fluctuating capacitance.

Select this Article		High Resolution Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy J. G. Adler, T. T. Chen, and J. Straus Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 362 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685095 (7 pages) \| Cited 49 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A system which is capable of resolving changes in a tunneling junction conductance σ of about one part in 10⁵ as well as providing calibrated values of dσ∕dV is described. Methods of simultaneous analog and digital recording on magnetic tape suitable for subsequent computer analysis are given. The flow chart for the computer programming is also presented along with a typical result.

Select this Article		Apparatus for Measuring the High Temperature Strength of Filaments Richard D. Veltri and Francis Galasso Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 369 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685096 (2 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract One apparatus is described for measuring the high temperature tensile strength of metallic fibers and another one for measuring the strength of single carbon filaments. Typical results are given for tungsten filaments up to 1000°C exposure and for graphite filaments up to 500°C.

Select this Article		The Saturation Gain of Curved Channel Multipliers R. D. Andresen and D. E. Page Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 371 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685097 (2 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A model is presented dealing with the saturation gain occurring in curved channel multipliers at high applied voltages. Assuming that space charge is the gain limiting process, the number of electrons within this cloud is calculated. There exists good agreement between experimental and theoretical saturation gain in the range of high voltage applied to the curved channel multiplier.

Select this Article		Automatic Control of the Drifting Process for Semiconductor Radiation Detectors H. J. Erramuspe and J. E. Sinderman Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 373 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685098 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An automatic Li drifting apparatus is presented which controls the temperature of the detector bath to maintain the leakage current at a preselected value. When the Li ions reach the back of the wafer the temperature is automatically reduced to room temperature, leaving or not, optionally, the bias voltage applied. The need for constant supervision is therefore eliminated.

Select this Article		A Cross Correlation Chopper for Molecular Beam Modulation V. L. Hirschy and J. P. Aldridge Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 381 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685100 (3 pages) \| Cited 34 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Application of a cross correlation technique for improving the signal‐to‐noise ratios and for measurements of time‐of‐flight (TOF) spectra of thermal energy molecular beams is described. Results of modulating a thermal argon beam are presented. A reduction of the noise level by a factor of 7 beyond signal averaging is observed.

Select this Article		An Apparatus for Measuring Diffusion and Partition Coefficients of Dissolved Substances in Membranes P. Špaček and M. Kubín Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 384 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685101 (3 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An apparatus has been described for rapid and accurate measurements of the diffusion and partition coefficients of dissolved substances in membranes, along with the general layout and arrangement of the equipment and the possibilities of use. The apparatus combines a diffusion cell and a twin membrane pump, and has been designed in such a manner as to reduce to a minimum the total volume of solution in the apparatus. It is used in connection with a sensitive external flow concentration detector.

Select this Article		A Four Probe Cell for Resistivity Measurements at Temperature Independent Pressures Steven D. Hottman and Herbert A. Pohl Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 387 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685102 (2 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable