Rev. Sci. Instrum. - Review of Scientific Instruments

Volume/Page
Keyword
DOI
Citation
Advanced

Volume: Page/Article:

Search Content Type

article doi:

Citation:

SECTION LISTING

Notes
Errata

BROWSE VOLUMES

Year Range:

2013

Volume 84

2012

Volume 83

2011

Volume 82

2010

Volume 81

2009

Volume 80

2008

Volume 79

2007

Volume 78

2006

Volume 77

2005

Volume 76

2004

Volume 75

2003

Volume 74

2002

Volume 73

2001

Volume 72

2000

Volume 71

1999

Volume 70

1998

Volume 69

1997

Volume 68

1996

Volume 67

1995

Volume 66

1994

Volume 65

1993

Volume 64

1992

Volume 63

1991

Volume 62

1990

Volume 61

1989

Volume 60

1988

Volume 59

1987

Volume 58

1986

Volume 57

1985

Volume 56

1984

Volume 55

1983

Volume 54

1982

Volume 53

1981

Volume 52

1980

Volume 51

1979

Volume 50

1978

Volume 49

1977

Volume 48

1976

Volume 47

1975

Volume 46

1974

Volume 45

1973

Volume 44

1972

Volume 43

1971

Volume 42

Issue 12 | Dec | pp. 1755-1897

Issue 11 | Nov | pp. 1561-1740

Issue 10 | Oct | pp. 1393-1546

Issue 9 | Sep | pp. 1283-1380

Issue 8 | Aug | pp. 1111-1268

Issue 7 | Jul | pp. 915-1095

Issue 6 | Jun | pp. 753-899

Issue 5 | May | pp. 561-732

Issue 4 | Apr | pp. 411-548

Issue 3 | Mar | pp. 293-400

Issue 2 | Feb | pp. 189-280

Issue 1 | Jan | pp. 1-174

1970

Volume 41

1969

Volume 40

1968

Volume 39

1967

Volume 38

1966

Volume 37

1965

Volume 36

1964

Volume 35

1963

Volume 34

1962

Volume 33

1961

Volume 32

1960

Volume 31

1959

Volume 30

1958

Volume 29

1957

Volume 28

1956

Volume 27

1955

Volume 26

1954

Volume 25

1953

Volume 24

1952

Volume 23

1951

Volume 22

1950

Volume 21

1949

Volume 20

1948

Volume 19

1947

Volume 18

1946

Volume 17

1945

Volume 16

1944

Volume 15

1943

Volume 14

1942

Volume 13

1941

Volume 12

1940

Volume 11

1939

Volume 10

1938

Volume 9

1937

Volume 8

1936

Volume 7

1935

Volume 6

1934

Volume 5

1933

Volume 4

1932

Volume 3

1931

Volume 2

1930

Volume 1

Select this Article		Precise Measurement of Heat Transfer Using Holographic Interferometry W. Aung and R. O'Regan Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1755 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685000 (5 pages) \| Cited 8 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A holographic interferometer suitable for the precise measurement of heat transfer is described. In this instrument interference occurs between beams which have traversed the same optical components and hence these components need not be of high quality. Compared with the conventional Mach‐Zehnder interferometer, the present instrument is less expensive and simpler to construct, and yet the two interferometers yield comparable accuracy. For illustration, the holographic interferometer is used to study the free convection thermal boundary layer on a heated isothermal vertical flat plate. The results are in good agreement with an existing theory.

Select this Article		A Molecular Beam Scattering Apparatus with a Low Temperature Bolometer Detector M. Cavallini, L. Meneghetti, G. Scoles, and M. Yealland Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1759 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685001 (5 pages) \| Cited 10 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A relatively simple and versatile differential scattering molecular beam apparatus for nonalkali systems is described in which a low temperature semiconductor bolometer is used as detector. Details are given on vacuum facilities, beam sources, and detector element. A few examples of measurements on rare gases are given and the possibilities of the apparatus discussed.

Select this Article		A Low Temperature Heat Pipe Used as a Thermal Switch L. Kopf Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1764 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685002 (2 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A device, based on the heat pipe principle, is described in an application as a thermal switch at very low temperatures. The presence or absence of a high purity liquefied gas in the heat pipe is the basis for the switch being on or off.

Select this Article		A Method of Preparation of LaB₆ Cathodes M. Nasini and G. Redaelli Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1765 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685003 (3 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A technique for preparation of cathodes consisting of a tantalum LaB₆ coated ribbon has been successfully tested. The cathode has shown good performances in high density gas discharge tube (as ion lasers) operations.

Select this Article		Precise Laser Initiated Closure of Multimegavolt Spark Gaps J. J. Moriarty, H. I. Milde, J. R. Bettis, and A. H. Guenther Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1767 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685004 (10 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Single‐ and double‐channel laser triggered switches in high pressure gas have been designed and operated in the voltage range from 1 to more than 3 MV. Jitter times of <1 to 3 nsec were observed in most cases. Gas pressures of 10.5 and 21 kg⋅cm⁻² were used. The gases were either 100% nitrogen or various mixtures of N₂, SF₆, and Ar. Significant accomplishments were (1) the simultaneous firing of four stages of a Marx generator by an optically divided laser beam, (2) up to 40% reduction in the risetime observed in the output pulse from a multimegavolt dc generator when switched into a load through two simultaneously laser triggered channels, and (3) the design and operation of a laser triggered, dc charged switch at more than 3 MV with subnanosecond jitter.

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Dec 1971

Volume 42, Issue 12, pp. 1755-1897

Find articles by AUTHORNAME

Select this Article		Diffuse Reflectance and Fluorescence Measuring Apparatus S. G. Gorbics, E. W. Claffy, and F. H. Attix Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1777 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685005 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An apparatus is described for measuring the diffuse reflectance and∕or fluorescence of small (15–30 mg) granulated or powdered samples of solid materials. The sample rests in the horizontal plane, thus requiring no special mounting procedure. Input light is provided by a quartz‐iodine lamp through a monochromator having a range of wavelengths from 350 to 800 nm. A photomultiplier measures the light scattered from the diffusely reflecting walls of the sample chamber. The optical absorption spectrum of γ‐irradiated lithium fluoride powder is shown as an example of performance, obtained in a study of the possible applicability of LiF M‐,R₂‐, and N₂‐band absorption for radiation dosimetry purposes.

Select this Article		Heat Pipe Oven Applications. I. Isothermal Heater of Well Defined Temperature. II. Production of Metal Vapor‐Gas Mixtures C. R. Vidal and F. B. Haller Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1779 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685006 (6 pages) \| Cited 35 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A concentric heat pipe oven is described, which serves as an oven with a highly homogeneous temperature distribution as required by such applications as crystal growing, thermal treatment of materials, and radiation standards. The design is simpler than conventional ovens with similar temperature stability and homogeneity. The temperature control is replaced by a pressure control. This device is used in a modification of the heat pipe oven that generates homogeneous mixtures of a vapor (such as a metal vapor) and an inert gas at well defined total pressure, partial pressure, temperature, and optical path length. All the features of the previously described heat pipe oven are maintained with the additional option that allows quantitative total and partial pressure measurements without relying on vapor pressure curves.

Select this Article		A Highly Sensitive Recording Balance for Very Heavy Loads José Mireles Malpica Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1784 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685007 (10 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The sensitiveness of a balance is directly proportional to the lever arm and inversely proportional to the product of the distance of the axis of oscillation to the center of mass by the mass of the moving system. However, as the load increases, the central knife's edge and its support deform elastically, changing the line of contact to a surface with a larger frictional torque, decreasing the responsiveness of the balance to small increments of load. This is the main cause of loss of responsiveness as the load increases. It is possible to change the sensitiveness by means of a chain hung from an annular knife placed below the central knife, the other end of which can be raised or lowered. The elastic deformation of the central knife's edge and its support is avoided by turning the central knife's edge upward and making it touch lightly hard surfaces, supporting magnetically the weight of the moving system, thereby practically maintaining zero load responsiveness for all loads. By means of a servomechanism the beam is kept balanced and a suppressed zero record is made with a pen on a wide roll of paper which moves at uniform speed. It is thus possible to register the loss of mass of higher mammalians due to loss of water and metabolic processes.

Select this Article		Conductivity Measurements of Semiconductors by Microwave Transmission Technique G. P. Srivastava and A. K. Jain Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1793 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685008 (4 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple, quick, contactless, and accurate method for the measurement of electrical conductivity of a semiconductor slab is presented in this paper. The method is based on the study of transmission of circularly polarized TE₁₁ mode of microwave propagation in circular waveguide. Conductivity of n‐type germanium and silicon samples and its temperature variation in the range 293–140 K have been successfully studied.

Select this Article		A Computer Controlled Automatic System for Measuring the Conductivity and Hall Effect in Semiconducting Samples J. Shewchun, K. M. Ghanekar, R. Yager, H. D. Barber, and D. Thompson Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1797 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685009 (11 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A unique computer controlled automatic system for measuring the conductivity and Hall effect in semiconducting samples is described. The system features a small process control computer which runs a temperature programmable liquid helium Dewar, a magnet, and a data acquisition system. Fifty temperature points can be preprogrammed in any desired distribution over the range 4.2–400 K. The control computer ensures that the system is virtually foolproof in terms of operator blunder and system malfunction. Data acquisition is on punched paper tape with hard copy output. Data, converted from paper tape to cards, are analyzed by a high speed computer. Turnaround times (from sample loading to full analysis of data) of as low as 6 h have been achieved.

Select this Article		A Simple Technique for Generating Nitrogen Atoms Kevin J. White, Cornelius U. Morgan, and Eli Freedman Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1808 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685010 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract It has been found that up to 1% nitrogen atoms can be generated by passing nitrogen gas over the heated filaments of a conventional 1000 W projection lamp. It appears that the filaments must attain a minimum voltage and temperature for the production of nitrogen but these conditions can readily be achieved by a variable voltage transformer.

Select this Article		A Clean Vacuum Electron Beam Column for Cathodoluminescence Investigations H. C. Marciniak and D. B. Wittry Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1810 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685011 (4 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An instrument is described for investigation of cathodoluminescence at temperatures between 25 and 400 K and beam voltages to 50 kV. Contamination effects are minimized by the use of oil‐free pumps, by isolation of the specimen region from sources of organic vapors, and by the use of baffles at liquid nitrogen temperature above and below the specimen region. Preliminary results on the cathodoluminescence of GaAs are reported and compared with the temperature dependence of the bandgap from optical absorption data.

Select this Article		Calibration of a Laboratory Spectrophotometer for Specular Light by Means of Stacked Glass Plates William A. Allen and Arthur J. Richardson Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1813 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685012 (5 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Stacked glass plates have been used to calibrate a laboratory spectrophotometer, over the spectral range 0.5–2.5 μ, for specular light. The uncalibrated instrument was characterized by systematic errors when used to measure the reflectance and transmittance of stacked glass plates. Calibration included first, a determination of the reflectance of a standard composed of barium sulfate paint deposited on an aluminum plate; second, the approximation of the reflectance and transmittance residuals between observed and computed values by means of cubic equations; and, finally, the removal of the systematic errors by a computer. The instrument, after calibration, was accurate to 1% when used to measure the reflectance and transmittance of stacked glass plates.

Select this Article		A High Resolution, High Sensitivity Channel Plate Image Intensifier for Use in Particle Spectrographs M. Galanti, R. Gott, and J. F. Renaud Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1818 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685013 (5 pages) \| Cited 29 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Details are presented of an image intensifier for electrons using a channel plate, scintillator, and fiber optics combination, which gives a reduction in exposure time of several thousand compared to a photographic plate. During the course of the investigation, measurements were made on the characteristics of the channel plate for various electron energies and angles of incidence.

Select this Article		A Time‐Resolved Ross Filter System for Measuring X‐Ray Spectra in Z‐Pinch Plasma Focus Devices Hugo L. L. van Paassen Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1823 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685014 (2 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The development of plasma pinch and other flash x‐ray devices has created the need for a system capable of measuring the spectra of 50 nsec x‐ray pulses. A Ross filter system used in conjunction with silicon diode x‐ray detectors gives nanosecond time resolution in spectral intervals between 5.46 and 115.6 keV.

Select this Article		Domain Studies in Thin Film Recording A. D. Kaske, P. E. Oberg, M. C. Paul, and G. F. Sauter Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1850 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685021 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An observation technique utilizing the longitudinal Kerr magneto‐optic effect was used in various studies of thin film recording. The semitransparent nature of the recording media allowed simultaneous observation of recorded domains and the write and read head gaps. Thin film heads were used to record in iron films having coercivities ranging from 60 to 160 Oe. The apparatus allowed quick determinations of maximum linear densities which were as high as 1550 flux reversals∕cm. Recorded domain orientation with respect to the gap of a thin film read head was easily observed, and the corresponding output signals on an oscilloscope were photographed. The write‐read‐observe apparatus with a thin film read head was also helpful in detecting the magnetic field from Néel walls.

Select this Article		Transparent Conducting Films of Antimony Doped Tin Oxide on Glass A. R. Peaker and B. Horsley Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1825 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685015 (3 pages) \| Cited 10 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple laboratory technique for the routine preparation of transparent conducting films on soda and borosilicate glasses is described. The process uses the surface hydrolysis of stannic chloride at a temperature approaching the softening point of the glass. High electrical conductivity (50 Ω∕sq) and good optical transmission (80%) have been obtained by the addition of small quantities of antimony and the optimization of deposition conditions. The technique has been found to give uniform and consistent results.

Select this Article		A Method for the Precision Comparison of the Densities of Small Specimens A. D. Franklin and R. Spal Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1827 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685016 (7 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF See Also: Erratum
	+ -	Show Abstract The density of an unknown is compared to that of a set of several standard specimens (weighing about 40 mg each) with a standard deviation in the ratio of densities from a single determination of 3×10⁻⁴ or better. The apparatus consists of two immiscible liquids and a float in the upper, supporting the specimen in the lower by a wire that passes through the interface. The wire provides a buoyant force gradient. From the change in position of the float when the unknown is substituted for the standards, the density of the unknown relative to that of the standards can be calculated. Other contributions to the buoyant force gradient are also present; their variation during the course of the measurement established the precision of the measurement.

Select this Article		Soft X‐Ray Image Intensifiers with High Time and Space Resolution L. Bettinali, F. Pecorella, and J. P. Rager Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1834 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685017 (3 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We describe in this paper a device giving time and space resolved soft x‐ray pictures of rapidly varying intense sources based on the use of a channel plate intensifier. Ten nanosecond soft x‐ray framing of a dense plasma focus has been obtained using a 200 μ pinhole for image formation limiting space resolution to 3 line pairs∕mm. The principle of this device has been conceived in order to preserve the 10 line pairs∕mm intrinsic space resolution determined by the channel plate.

Select this Article		A Rocket Borne Mass Spectrometer with Helium Cooled Ion Source D. Offermann and H. Trinks Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1836 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685018 (8 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new electron bombardment ion source was developed to reduce the influence of gas‐wall interactions on the measurement of the neutral gas in the upper atmosphere. The ion source is cooled to low temperatures by means of supercritical helium. Ion source, mass spectrometer, cryogen supply system, and their arrangement in a rocket payload are described. The instrument was first successfully launched on 13 October 1970.

Select this Article		A Low Temperature Specimen Stage with Airlock for the Siemens Elmiskop I P. Tischer and H.‐J. Bahr Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1844 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685019 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A low temperature stage is described which consists of a 1200 cm³ helium vessel and two thermal shields, one cooled by gaseous helium and the other by liquid nitrogen. The evaporation rate of the liquid helium is 230 cm³∕h. The lowest temperature of the specimen is about 8–10 K. It is possible to apply a magnetic field parallel to the plane of the sample. The direction of the field can be rotated around the optical axis. The specimen can be exchanged through an airlock while the cryostat is cold. The low temperature specimen stage is used for Lorentz microscopy of low temperature ferromagnets, e.g., europium sulfide, which has a Curie point of 16.5 K.

Select this Article		The Production of Equal and Unequal Size Droplet Pairs John R. Adam, Robert Cataneo, and Richard G. Semonin Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1847 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685020 (3 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Experimental examination of interactions between small water droplets, such as wake interactions, collision‐coalescence phenomena, and the dependence of these interactions on the electrical charge and field, has awaited the development of a dependable source of multisize droplets. A simple droplet generator has been developed to produce controlled pairs of equal and unequal size droplets. The generator and its applicability to droplet interaction studies are described.

Select this Article		Generation of High Pressure Oxygen and Synthesis of CoCrO₄ with CrVO₄ Type Structure S. Kume, F. Kanamaru, Y. Shibasaki, M. Koizumi, K. Yasunami, and T. Fukuda Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1856 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685022 (3 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A gas compressor was built for oxygen. For safety, water was chosen as a pressure transmitting medium. Oxygen gas compressed by high pressure water was led into a reactor. In the reactor, syntheses of oxides of transition metals were conducted in the range of temperature and pressure up to 600°C and 2000 bars. One of the successful results was the production of CoCrO₄ with CrVO₄ type structure.

Select this Article		A Method for Fatigue Testing of Ceramic Materials Samuel J. Acquaviva Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1858 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685023 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Equipment and a technique are described for obtaining the fatigue characteristics of ceramic materials. Data obtained by this method are comparable with previously published measurements.

Select this Article		Microwave Exposure System for Biological Specimens D. McRee and P. Walsh Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1860 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1685024 (5 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 4 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A microwave exposure system for use in the study of the bioeffects of cw microwave radiation has been designed, built, and calibrated. The specifications to which the system was designed are as follows: single frequency of 2450 MHz; power density range at the biological sample holder of 0.01–200 mW∕cm²; uniform field at the sample holder as defined by a 10% variation in power density over a 15 cm diameter and half‐power variation over a 30 cm diameter; minimum cost consistent with safety, reasonable convenience of operation, and meeting technical criteria; and total space requirement not to exceed a floor space of 4.1×4.9 m. The assembled system costs approximately $13 000 and provides better field characteristics than those specified above.