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Issue 12 | Dec | pp. 1699-1911

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Select this Article		Multihundred Watt Nd:YAG Continuous Laser Walter Koechner Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1699 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684392 (8 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The operating characteristics and design parameters of a high powered continuously pumped Nd:YAG laser are summarized. Primary attention is given to a discussion of some of the limitations in output power and efficiency.

Select this Article		Absolute Efficiency Measurements for Channel Electron Multipliers Utilizing a Unique Electron Source G. Paschmann, E. G. Shelley, C. R. Chappell, R. D. Sharp, and L. F. Smith Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1706 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684393 (6 pages) \| Cited 33 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A unique low energy (0–50 keV) electron accelerator has been developed which provides a broad, parallel, low intensity electron beam with excellent long term stability. The beam intensity is approximately 10⁶ electrons⋅cm⁻² ⋅sec⁻¹ and the long term stability is better than 2%∕day. A prototype of this accelerator is described and the results of its application to instrument calibration and channel electron multiplier (CEM) efficiency measurements are presented. The absolute electron detection efficiency for CEM's was found to vary from approximately 90% at 1 keV to 73% at 14 keV with a probable error of ±10%. The large disagreement among the various published measurements of CEM detection efficiency is discussed.

Select this Article		A Semiautomatic Integrating Densitometer with Digital Readout for One Dimensional X‐Ray Diffraction Films W. E. Keefe, R. C. Williams, W. T. Ham, and J. M. Stewart Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1712 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684394 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A technique is described whereby the density of diffraction spots on unidimensional x‐ray film is measured by means of a microdensitometer and recorded on a strip chart recorder; simultaneously, the area under the curve is integrated electronically and the results are displayed on a digital counting device. The data for one structure which has been completed gave a final R value of 0.064.

Select this Article		Aminco‐Bowman Spectrophotofluorometer Modification‐II V. Alan Mode, Richard A. Thomas, and David H. Sisson Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1714 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684395 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have modified a standard Aminco‐Bowman spectrophotofluorometer to allow collection of spectral data on punched paper tape. Using this tape, we have obtained high quality corrected spectra by postprocessing techniques on a digital computer. We have examined the errors associated with changes in the energy distribution of the excitation source.

Select this Article		A Photoconductive Self‐Balancing Circuit S. Ben‐Yaakov Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1718 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684396 (7 pages) Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An ac self‐balancing potentiometric photoconductive circuit has been developed and employed to measure resistive ratios. It includes a cadmium sulfide photoconductive cell and an incadescent lamp in an ac negative feedback configuration. The tested ratio is measured by incorporating the photocell in a dc circuit and monitoring the resulting current which is proportional to the tested ratio. Two specific examples are described, one of which is a precision circuit that was used to construct an inductive conductivity meter for oceanographic applications. By properly selecting the photocell type and increasing the open loop gain, a 0.1% accuracy (of full scale) may be obtained with a relatively simple circuit. The circuit is applicable for signal conditioning of resistive transducers such as platinum thermometers and strain gauges. It may be particularly useful in cases where a dc output signal is preferred while the resistive device must be driven by an ac signal.

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Dec 1970

Volume 41, Issue 12, pp. 1699-1911

Find articles by AUTHORNAME

Select this Article		The Characteristic of Gold and Aquadag Contacts with Single Crystal Nickel Oxide Surfaces W. Anderson, J. Martinez, and A. H. Madjid Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1724 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684397 (3 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The electrical characteristic of gold and Aquadag contact with single crystal nickel oxide surfaces is determined within a moderate temperature range around 273 K. The current‐voltage characteristic of these contacts is linear, but the contact resistance is found not to be negligible when compared to the resistance of NiO samples of ordinary size.

Select this Article		A Method for Determining the Dynamic Response of an Elastic Load Cell Element James Potzick Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1726 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684398 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A method has been developed for determining the dynamic characteristics of a load cell element by subjecting it to sinusoidally time dependent forces, and an experiment using a piezoelectric shaker is described which illustrates the feasibility of the method. At present a simple viscoelastic model is assumed for the load cell element, and relaxation times on the order of 10⁻⁷ sec have been measured. The application of this information to load cells subjected to other types of dynamic forces is also discussed.

Select this Article		A Transducer for Measuring High Heat Transfer Rates E. H. Schulte and R. F. Kohl Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1732 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684399 (9 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A quasi‐steady‐state, water cooled heat flux transducer has been developed for the measurement of heat fluxes exceeding 1000 W∕cm². The transducer utilizes single crystal germanium materials as the sensing elements and the design allows the transducer to be calibrated by direct conduction. Utilizing this technique, a transducer has been calibrated to 1000 W∕cm² and the calibration has been verified by radiation techniques up to 455 W∕cm². Transducers only 1.1 cm in diameter have been tested. The transducers exhibit an output greater than 15 mV at 1000 W∕cm², a nearly linear output vs heat flux, and a response time on the order of 100 msec.

Select this Article		A Screened Emitter Photoelectron Analyzer D. T. Pierce and T. H. DiStefano Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1740 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684400 (3 pages) \| Cited 17 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A retarding field energy analyzer for photoelectron spectroscopy is improved by adding a screened field‐free region around the emitter. For preliminary measurements on nickel, the analyzer error was estimated to be <2.8% of the kinetic energy. The electronic circuit configuration which performed best is presented along with a description of spurious effects introduced by circuit variations.

Select this Article		The Use of a Single Plate Interferometer in the Hook Method of Roschdestvensky J. H. Spurk, E. J. Gion, and D. B. Sleator Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1742 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684401 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The theory of a simple inexpensive single plate interferometer coupled to a spectrograph is developed and the feasibility of this instrument in the hook method is demonstrated by observing the anomalous dispersion of sodium vapor. This instrument appears especially attractive for use in the vacuum ultraviolet region of the spectrum.

Select this Article		Apparatus for the Measurement of High Temperature Plasma Reactions J. H. Mullen, J. M. Madson, L. N. Medgyesi‐Mitschang, T. C. Peng, and P. M. Doane Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1746 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684402 (9 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An experimental apparatus designed for studying reaction processes in high temperature plasmas is described. An rf induction plasma produced at gas temperatures from 1000 to 4000 K is passed through a reaction channel at sonic velocity where it reacts with supersonically injected target gas molecules. Pressures in the reaction channel can be varied from 25 to 125 Torr. The plasma, together with the reaction products, undergoes a free jet expansion into a vacuum chamber at 0.2 Torr where the expansion core flow is sampled by a molecular beam mass sampling system using a quadrupole mass spectrometer for analysis. The electron density in the free jet is measured with a Ka‐band interferometer. The electron temperature in the plasma source and reaction channel is measured spectroscopically; in addition, the electron temperature in the source is monitored with an X‐band radiometer. The change in the electron density, together with the change in the intensity of the positive and negative ion signals as a function of the number of target gas molecules injected, is used to evaluate the reaction rates. Examples of electron attachment rate measurements in N₂O☒Ar and SF₆☒Ar mixtures at 3000 K are given.

Select this Article		Microwave Micromanipulator Howard M. Day, Eliot D. Cohen, K. Reed Gleason, and Alan C. Macpherson Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1754 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684403 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A waveguide micromanipulator is described which permits rapid measurement of the microwave detection properties of semiconductor diodes at the slice level. Schottky diodes of various diameters were deposited on an epitaxial silicon slice and the detector sensitivity was measured at 3 GHz. The dependence of detector sensitivity on diameter is shown to be in agreement with the conventional theory of microwave Schottky barrier diodes.

Select this Article		Magnetically Insulated Transformer for Attaining Ultrahigh Voltages F. Winterberg Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1756 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684404 (8 pages) \| Cited 13 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A high voltage transformer in which a high magnetic field inside a hard vacuum insulates against breakdown is proposed. The magnetic field is generated by electric currents in high field superconductors. Voltages up to 10⁹ V may be attainable with such a system. A rectifier using high magnetic fields can transform the end voltage from ac to dc. The energy output at the terminal of the secondary coil can be extracted in the form of either an electron or an ion beam through the use of the field emission process. Potential applications include (1) high energy particle accelerators with beam intensities many orders of magnitude larger than in conventional accelerators or meson factories, (2) use in controlled thermonuclear fusion devices, and (3) continuous pumping of powerful lasers. The feasibility of the system will depend upon depressing the breakdown perpendicular to the direction of the high magnetic field.

Select this Article		Vibrating Sample Magnetometer for Use at Very Low Temperatures and in High Magnetic Fields B. W. Mangum and D. D. Thornton Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1764 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684405 (3 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A high sensitivity vibrating sample magnetometer for use at very low temperatures is described. It can be made extremely compact by the use of a piezoelectric element as the vibrator. The complete magnetometer can be placed in the cryostat between the poles of an electromagnet and can be operated at high applied magnetic fields.

Select this Article		A Digital rf Pulse Burst Generator for NMR Relaxation Experiments V. Radeka, R. L. Chase, M. Petrinovic, and J. A. Glasel Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1766 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684406 (5 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper describes a pulse burst generator designed to provide coherent rf pulse sequences with lengths applicable to NMR relaxation experiments. The burst generator is based on a principle which provides an inherently high on∕off ratio. The frequency of interest is generated by mixing two higher frequencies. Bursts of arbitrary length are generated by gating these two higher frequencies so that in the off intervals there is no signal at the frequency of interest in the entire generator system. Burst lengths are determined digitally to within one cycle by a preset counter. A number of different burst lengths can be selected by several sets of switches to generate a Carr‐Purcell sequence of bursts. Bursts with 90° rf phase shift can be generated in this sequence as is required for the Meiboom‐Gill method. Phase and frequency relations in the generator are determined digitally, so that no tuning adjustments are required for operation of the generator over the whole frequency range. The described generator employs MECL II integrated circuits which restrict the highest output frequency of the generator to about 10 MHz.

Select this Article		High Resolution Cinematography at High Temperature in the Electron Microscope Frank D. Lugton and Charles E. Warble Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1793 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684412 (5 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Required microscope conditions and the technique of photography and development procedures are described, and means of improvement suggested for high resolution, high magnification 16 mm cinematography of chemical reactions at high temperature in the electron microscope. It is shown experimentally that, even with an externally mounted camera, resolutions of 12–15 Å can be achieved in practice at reaction temperatures of 1000–1100°C and magnifications of 110 000 × on the microscope fluorescent screen. Standard 16 mm reversal film exposed at 2 frames∕ sec for 0.2 sec∕frame and f∕1.8 lens aperture are adequate but require accurately controlled development conditions. It is therefore shown quantitatively that it is possible to obtain higher resolution at shorter exposure times by photographic means than by more complicated and more costly electronic equipment. Standard electron microscope movie attachments were considered but vibration alone prohibits their use for high resolution recording. Photographic grain structure remains the major factor limiting high resolution cinematographic recording in the electron microscope. Reaction is observed between MgO and the Pd specimen support grid. A phase behaving like a liquid forms and extends over the surface, stripping the crystal via a surface mechanism, changing shape and contracting back into the main body of the phase.

Select this Article		A New Method for Low Energy (0–10 eV) Ion‐Gas Total Cross Sections Using an Electrostatic Repulsion Technique D. H. Martin, D. A. Davis, and W. Christian Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1803 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684415 (7 pages) Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A method is described for measurement of low energy total cross sections using an analysis of the uncollided portion of the beam by electrostatic repulsion. Instead of energy separation of the initial beam, a (retarded) spectrum of energies (0–10 eV) is accepted and analyzed with and without interactions. The method applies, in principle, to energies arbitrarily close to zero, limitations occurring in beam intensity and in the smallness of energy group treated in the associated computer analysis. A further limitation is that only large angle scattering is measured. Test measurements for argon ions in argon gas show total cross sections above 1 eV to be indistinguishable from quoted values of charge transfer. In the vicinity of 1 eV a steep rise in cross section is observed.

Select this Article		Quantitative Space and Time Resolved Laser Schlieren System for the Study of Hypersonic Flow W. W. Koziak Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1770 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684407 (4 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A space and time resolved quantitative schlieren system has been developed for the measurement of density gradient distributions in a two‐dimensional hypersonic flow field. The device uses a narrow beam helium‐neon continuous laser which is scanned across the flow field by a fast revolving multifaced mirror. A knife edge‐photomultiplier assembly monitors the deflection of the laser beam caused by the presence of density gradients in the test gas. Spatial resolution which is determined by the diameter of the laser beam in the flow field is less than 0.6 mm. Time resolution is determined by the speed of rotation of the mirror and the number of mirror faces but in the present setup it is limited to approximately 2×10⁻³ sec by the frequency response of the data recording system. Quantitative performance has been checked for a known density gradient which was simulated by the use of an accurately specified glass wedge.

Select this Article		A Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer I. M. Brown and D. J. Sloop Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1774 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684408 (4 pages) \| Cited 14 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A pulsed X‐band superheterodyne electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer with coherent pulse generation, phase sensitive detection, and a response time of 40 nsec is described. The experimental details of the circuitry used in the measurement of electron spin‐lattice relaxation times are given. A transient technique of performing electron‐nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) which entails monitoring the two‐pulse or three‐pulse electron spin echo is discussed.

Select this Article		Minimum Image Size in a Parallel Plate Electrostatic Spectrograph G. A. Proca and T. S. Green Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1778 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684409 (6 pages) \| Cited 44 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Previous analysis of the focusing properties of a parallel plate electrostatic spectrograph has shown that second order focusing can be achieved. In the present paper it is demonstrated that as a corollary, there exists an optimum focal line in which the angular aberrations are reduced to one quarter of their values on the normal focal line, as is the case in optical systems. Results of computations of the line shapes are also presented.

Select this Article		A Two‐Wire IC Compatible Capacitive Transducer Circuit Dean R. Harrison, William J. Kerwin, and Gregory L. Schaffer Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1783 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684410 (6 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF See Also: Erratum
	+ -	Show Abstract The important features of the transducer bridge circuit considered here are that under certain conditions the circuit output can be made relatively independent of (1) changes in the carrier period, (2) changes in branch resistance, and (3) changes in capacitances due to temperature. Additional features are (4) the circuit is located at the transducer and (5) requires only two connecting leads to the necessary energizing and indicating equipment, and (6) the branch containing the transducer can be balanced by a pure resistor in the other branch. Each of these features is important for integrated circuit considerations. Some pressure transducer assemblies incorporating a hybrid integrated circuit version of the circuit bridge are shown in addition to sample calibrations.

Select this Article		A Dual‐Cell Sample System for High Temperature Mass Spectrometric Investigations T. E. Joyce, T. Y. Ridley, and R. T. Grimley Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1789 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684411 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A dual‐cell high temperature sample system is described which is designed for use with the mass spectrometer. This device consists of two high temperature furnace assemblies whose temperatures may be independently controlled and which may be interchangeably and precisely located below the entrance slit of a mass spectrometer. This unit permits one to make direct measurements of evaporation coefficients, activity coefficients, and also permits one to make use of more flexible calibration techniques.

Select this Article		A Small Bragg Diffraction X‐Ray Spectrometer R. C. Der, T. A. Boster, M. E. Cunningham, R. J. Fortner, T. M. Kavanagh, and J. M. Khan Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1797 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684413 (4 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A small, easily constructed, and high efficiency Bragg angle x‐ray spectrometer has been developed. Employing either a lead stearate or a KAP crystal, it has been used to measure x rays in the 150–1000 eV region from ion‐atom collisions. At the carbon‐K energy (277 eV), it has an FWHM of 14 eV and an efficiency of 10⁻² counts per incident x ray. Electronics and controls for fully automatic scans are described.

Select this Article		An Optical Interferometer Using Polarization Coding to Obtain Quadrature Phase Components G. M. B. Bouricius and S. F. Clifford Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1800 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684414 (4 pages) \| Cited 15 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have demonstrated the feasibility of using polarization coding in an interferometric measurement of optical phase. Phase variations can be followed continuously, relative to the beginning of any desired time interval. Typical phase fluctuations of a laser beam traversing the open turbulent atmosphere are presented.

Select this Article		A Soft X‐Ray Appearance Potential Spectrometer for the Analysis of Solid Surfaces Robert L. Park, J. E. Houston, and D. G. Schreiner Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1810 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1684416 (3 pages) \| Cited 67 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple, nondispersive spectrometer has been designed which allows the binding energies of core electrons to be determined for atoms at a solid surface. The spectrometer consists of a photomultiplier which measures the total soft x‐ray fluorescence of the anode surface of a vacuum diode. The derivative of the multiplier current as a function of the anode potential rises abruptly at the appearance potentials of characteristic x rays. The derivative is taken by superimposing a small oscillation on the anode potential and synchronously detecting the variation in multiplier current. The information obtained is comparable to that usually derived from absorption spectroscopy but is much more sensitive to the surface region. Thus, in addition to determining the elemental composition of the surface, chemical shifts in the binding energies of core electrons are readily observed.