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Volume 39

Issue 12 | Dec | pp. 1789-1970

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Select this Article		Holographic Interferometer for Isopachic Stress Analysis Henry H. M. Chau Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1789 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683240 (4 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Application of holography to photoelasticity is briefly discussed, with emphasis on its potential in isopachic stress analysis. A complete holographic interferometer is described. The method of wavefront reconstruction simplifies the optical requirements in conventional two‐beam interferometry. By employing a photochromic recording medium, the technique of real‐time interference becomes a practical and convenient process. Examples of isopachic fringe patterns obtained by this interferometer are shown.

Select this Article		Mass Discrimination in a Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometer. I. Geometric Mass Discrimination at Magnetic Electron Multiplier W. W. Hunt, K. E. McGee, J. K. Streeter, and S. E. Maughan Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1793 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683241 (7 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The magnetic electron multiplier widely used as the particle detector in time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometers can introduce several mass discrimination effects. One, geometric mass discrimination, arises from ions being deflected by the magnetic field so that the multiplier entrance apertures intercept a mass‐dependent fraction of the incoming ions and prevent their being detected. A method of correcting for geometric mass discrimination in linear TOF instruments is outlined and used to compute correction factors for the specific geometry and magnetic field configuration that characterize our modified TOF mass spectrometer. The results indicate that, except perhaps for H⁺ and H₂⁺, geometric mass discrimination is negligible in most commercial TOF instruments when they are operated at the normal 3000 V accelerating potential. Geometric discrimination can become serious, however, if the instrument is operated at accelerating potentials significantly below normal, since the amount that an ion bunch is deflected increases as its kinetic energy, as well as its mass‐to‐charge ratio, decreases. For this same reason, geometric discrimination against fragment ions formed in the drift tube can be quite serious even when the instrument is operated at accelerating potentials higher than the normal 3000 V.

Select this Article		Standing Wave Methods for Measuring Permittivities at Meter and Decimeter Wavelengths Edward H. Grant and Susan E. Keefe Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1800 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683242 (4 pages) \| Cited 16 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Methods are described for measuring the complex relative permittivity ϵ=ϵ′−ϵ″ of liquids using coaxial line apparatus. The determinations can be carried out over a wide range of frequency and temperature. A description is given of a cell consisting of a section of short‐circuited line with a detector probe projecting from the inner conductor. By use of a computer, values of ϵ′ and ϵ″ may be obtained for liquids having attenuation coefficients extending over a considerable range.

Select this Article		Improved Electron Beam Scanning System for Electron Microprobe X‐Ray Analyzers Richard N. Kniseley, Francis C. Laabs, and Dean Van Zuuk Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1804 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683243 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An improved electron beam scanning system for electron microprobes has been developed which provides high quality sample current images at a frame repetition rate of ∼45 frames∕sec and at sample currents as low as 1 nA. The sample current amplification system consists of an emitter follower at the output of the probe console followed by a limited bandpass video amplifier. Careful selection of the amplifier bandpass, based on the exact scanning frequency, allows high amplification of the signal information while rejecting a large portion of the noise.

Select this Article		Ultrahigh Vacuum Electron Microscope D. N. Braski, J. R. Gibson, and E. H. Kobisk Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1806 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683244 (6 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A Hitachi HU‐11B electron microscope has been modified for ultrahigh vacuum operation. Differential sputter ion pumps are used to evacuate the entire microscope column, which was extensively modified to be compatible with the high vacuum, low contamination environment. Excellent beam stability and resolution have been observed with column pressures as low as 5×10⁻⁸ Torr, but the image intensifier has proved unsatisfactory for high resolution readout.

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Dec 1968

Volume 39, Issue 12, pp. 1789-1970

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Select this Article		Zone Refining Techniques for Liquid Organics J. N. Carides Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1811 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683245 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A zone refiner especially adapted for refining organic materials with melting points near or below room temperature is described. The chief modification in this refiner as compared to previous models is that we immerse the entire apparatus—charge tube and heaters—in a liquid coolant. A preliminary model was made and results are given.

Select this Article		Apparatus for Mechanical Testing of Soft Crystals at High Pressure S. H. Gelles Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1814 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683246 (6 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Apparatus which has sufficient sensitivity for the tensile testing of soft single crystals at pressure levels to approximately 30 kilobars is described. This equipment makes use of a tensile yoke and a load cell based on a linear variable differential transformer within the high pressure fluid. Strain is measured externally by monitoring the movement of the loading piston with a linear variable differential transformer and the load‐displacement relationship is displayed on an X‐Y recorder. Discussion of the calibration procedure and performance of the apparatus is included.

Select this Article		Hydraulically Actuated Combustion Gas Sampling Valve V. A. Zvonow, H. E. Stewart, and E. S. Starkman Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1820 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683248 (5 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A hydraulically actuated sampling valve suitable for extracting high temperature (2700 K), high pressure (60 atm) gases from the chamber of an internal combustion engine has been developed and successfully operated during recent studies of engine contribution to air pollution. The valve, easily constructed, provides capability for large variation in sample size and duration of opening with adjustable sample timing through 360° or more of crank angle, thus allowing extremely flexible operation and eliminating many of the limitations found with other valve types.

Select this Article		Accuracy of Rotation around an Axis S. E. Masry Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1825 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683249 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The rotation of a rigid body around an axis and its deviation from pure rotation are discussed. It is shown that the determination of this deviation requires the measurement of the position of three points of the body in three dimensions. It is also shown that accurate determination of this deviation for the purpose of applying corrections to the measurements of an instrument is impracticable. A method for determining the changes in the direction of the axis of rotation and for estimating their effect on the measurements is explained.

Select this Article		Evaluation Tests of a Fixed Frequency Vibroscope H. W. Holdaway Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1828 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683250 (7 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An evaluation test has been made of a fixed frequency, variable tension vibroscope in which the gauge length was established by passing the fiber over one pin support and under the other. Two lengths of very uniform terylene fiber of linear density ∼0.95 Tex were used in tests all of which were done at 17.8°C and 65% RH. A method was developed for accurately evaluating the total mass of long lengths of filament from a succession of readings of the vibroscope taken at intervals of half of the gauge length along the fiber. The discrepancies, approximately 3 μg in both instances, between the weighed masses of 735 and 535 μg of fiber are slightly larger than the prime source of uncertainty, that of the weighings, and are both in the direction implying an underestimation of linear density by the vibroscope. This result is consistent with an error due to underestimation of the correction for stiffness of the fiber, the latter being based on an assumption that the supports behave as ideal pinned ends. Despite the elementary nature of the principle underlying the free or forced vibrations of a tensioned filament supported at its ends, its use as an instrument requires sophisticated corrections for a number of departures of real vibroscopes from the idealized model. These corrections can be quite significant in some configurations, and, as discussed in the paper, the theoretical bases for two types of correction have yet to be fully developed. For these reasons a metrological study such as this is important in order to validate the use of the vibroscope as an absolute instrument. Since the form of vibroscope employed was such that the effect of the less theoretically certain corrections were minimized, some reserve should be exercised in accepting this study as a validation for forms of vibroscope employing a variable frequency. The results should be equally applicable, however, to vibroscopes operating at a fixed frequency but with span or gauge length varied for resonance.

Select this Article		X‐Ray Monochromator Configurations and a Monochromator Design for X‐Ray Single Crystal Diffractometers A. McL. Mathieson Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1834 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683251 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A brief discussion of monochromator configurations for x‐ray diffractometers is presented, corresponding to an extension, into an additional dimension, of the basic arrangement of the earlier two crystal ionization spectrometer. For post‐monochromators, i.e., a monochromator located to intercept the beam diffracted by the specimen crystal, a simple neat design is given which can allow rotation of the monochromator and detector, as a unit, around the axis of the diffracted beam to any specified angle Φ_δ. Suggestions for the use of this device are made, including its application as a polarization analyzer to assess the extinction characteristics of the specimen and monochromator crystals.

Select this Article		New Oscilloscope Recording Camera Alexis L. Burton and Robert V. Andrews Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1838 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683252 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper describes a new oscilloscope or streak camera. This machine provides a means of recording events as variations of density on continuously transported motion picture film. Furthermore, it is also designed for reproduction of these records by playback. This instruments gives excellent results in terms of speed stability and linearity of film transport. The quality of the records is superior to that obtained with commercially available cameras. This was achieved by modifying and adapting several designs commonly used in optical cine film sound recorders and reproducers.

Select this Article		Automatic Vacuum Microbalance of the Pivot Type J. van Lier Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1841 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683253 (6 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An automatic vacuum microbalance of the pivot type has been built and tested. The balance is very stable over long periods of time and requires only infrequent calibration. Automation is accomplished by the use of an inexpensive solid state null indicator. The sensitivity of the balance is 88 μV∕μg in the most sensitive range. Zero shifts have been reduced to a minimum by a novel frame construction. The main limitation of the present system is the precision of the recorder. The system is designed for loads of up to 2 g.

Select this Article		Dynamic X‐Ray Diffractometer for Measuring Rheo‐Optical Behavior of Crystals in Polymer Solids Taisuke Ito, Takashi Oda, Hiromichi Kawai, Tatsuro Kawaguchi, Daniel A. Keedy, and Richard S. Stein Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1847 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683254 (12 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A dynamic x‐ray diffraction technique, employed to follow the responses of polymer crystals—one of the structural units of crystalline, high polymeric materials—to mechanical excitation of sinusoidal strain induced to bulk specimen is described. The descriptions for such responses are made in terms of the in‐phase and out‐of‐phase components of the diffracted intensity by the crystals. From these, one may obtain the change in orientation of reciprocal lattice vector and deformation of lattice spacing of specific crystal planes with the change in the external periodic strain. The photoelectric switching circuits are described which repetitively activate four sets of scalers to count the continuously fed signals of the detected x‐ray at particular strain phase intervals for each. The dynamic diffraction by the crystals can be evaluated by comparing the accumulated intensities among the four scalers.

Select this Article		Direct Reading Instrument for Silicon and Germanium Four‐Probe Resistivity Measurements L. J. Swartzendruber, F. H. Ulmer, and J. A. Coleman Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1858 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683255 (6 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A direct reading instrument of moderate precision (about ±5%) has been developed for the rapid measurement of resistivity and its uniformity on silicon and germanium samples with a wide variety of shapes and sizes. An in‐line, four‐point probe and two analog computing circuits, to set the required geometrical correction factors, are used in the instrument. The main features of the instrument are the simplicity of its construction and the facility with which the resistivity measurements can be accomplished.

Select this Article		Transducerless Method for Ultrasonic Flaw Testing in Metals W. D. Wallace, J. R. Houck, R. Bowers, B. W. Maxfield, and M. R. Gaerttner Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1863 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683256 (2 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An ultrasonic method for detecting flaws in metals has been developed which does not require physical contact with the metal in order to excite or detect the ultrasonic signal. The method of direct electromagnetic generation of ultrasound in the presence of magnetic fields has been used to detect both artificial flaws and naturally occuring inhomogeneities in aluminum bars and rods. Results are presented which demonstrate that this technique may offer some advantage over conventional transducer methods.

Select this Article		Indirectly Heated Thermistor for Measuring Ocean Currents Douglas R. Caldwell Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1865 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683257 (5 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A current meter system for the measurement of the magnitude and direction of ocean bottom water currents is described. Speeds as low as 1 mm∕sec have been measured at depths of 4 km.

Select this Article		Replicator for Ice Crystals F. K. Odencrantz and L. E. Humiston Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1870 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683258 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A vapor replicator for ice crystals is described. It is simple to construct and easy to operate in the laboratory or field. The dimensions are not critical. The most satisfactory temperature of operation and the filament current should be determined by trial operation. The replicator will also replicate water droplets and wet surfaces.

Select this Article		Generation of Smeared Out Electron Beams for Experiments on Weak Plasma Turbulence J. Chang, H. Böhmer, and M. Raether Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1873 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683259 (2 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract It is shown that electron beams, suitable for experiments on weak plasma turbulence, can be produced by passing the beams through aluminum foils of a few thousand angstrom thickness. Measurements of the beam distribution function and the transmission as a function of foil thickness are presented.

Select this Article		High Precision Temperature Controller Incorporating Variable Sensitivity and Proportional Control R. L. D'Arcy and A. E. Stearn Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1875 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683260 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A temperature controller utilizing continuous proportional control is described. The system uses a saturable reactor to control the heat input at a level that will continuously balance the heat losses from the system. Sensitivity of ±0.005°C coupled with drift of less than 0.05C° month has been achieved in a system using air as the heat transfer medium.

Select this Article		Pulsed Illuminator with Rapid Recovery H. Goldie and M. A. Goldman Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1879 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683262 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An electrodeless halogen discharge, at relatively high average power levels and low pressure, has been shown to be an effective, high repetition rate, pulsed light source. A high frequency microwave source is matched to the discharge and energy is coupled through the insulating envelope into the gas volume. Though measurements have not been made at multikilowatt power levels, the results do indicate that intense light sources usable to repetition rates of hundreds of kilohertz are feasible.

Select this Article		Helium Cooled Radio Frequency Preamplifier for Use in NMR D. S. Miyoshi and R. M. Cotts Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1881 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683263 (4 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A low temperature (4.2 K) radio frequency amplifier has been constructed using metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET). Noise characteristics of the amplifier are compared to a model that includes two noise sources: shot noise and induced gate noise. The model is similar to models used to represent noise in vacuum tubes. Amplifier use for observation of low temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals is considered. Conditions for optimum signal‐to‐noise (S∕N) are expressed in terms of the noise figure and are compared to those for room temperature vacuum tube amplifiers. Improvement of S∕N by factors of 3 to 10 are readily obtainable. The S∕N improvement with the low temperature MOSFET amplifier is demonstrated by observation of the NMR signal of ²⁰⁵Tl at 4.2 K at a frequency of 20 MHz.

Select this Article		Simple Stark Modulation Absorption System for High Temperature Microwave Spectroscopy A. Narasimha Murty and R. F. Curl Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1885 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683264 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A microwave absorption cell of simple design for work up to a temperature of 1000°C is described. A novel method is employed for mounting the Stark septum avoiding the use of insulators inside the waveguide. The system has been used (up to ∼800°C) for the determination of dipole moments of some Gr IV sulphides from Stark effect measurements.

Select this Article		High Precision, High Pressure Mercury Differential Pressure Manometer W. Ruska, J. Kao, Sheng‐yi Chuang, and Riki Kobayashi Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1889 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683265 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The design, development, and performance of a differential pressure mercury manometer for use at high pressure with high precision is reported and described. The instrument has an accuracy of ±2 μ for a differential pressure range of 96 mm Hg at total pressures to 800 kg∕cm².

Select this Article		Track Density Measurement in Dielectric Track Detectors with Scattered Light Warner W. Schultz Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1893 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1683266 (4 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 10 November 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Fission track densities in glass and in Lexan polycarbonate resin have been measured using light scattered from the tracks as a measure of the track density. Scattered light was found to be proportional to track density up to the point at which tracks begin to overlap. For the two track detector materials tested, a scattering angle was found at which optimum signal‐to‐backgound ratios are obtained.