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Apr 1967

Volume 38, Issue 4, pp. 467-565

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Technology of Intense dc Ion Beams

O. B. Morgan, G. G. Kelley, and R. C. Davis

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 467 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720740 (14 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The present status of a program directed toward the improvement of ion sources and the technology of intense dc ion beams is described. The work is in the energy range of from 20–600 keV at currents of up to 1 A. Several factors have differentiated the approach from that existing in some other areas of ion beam research. There are severe cooling problems in the ion source and in beam targets. Grids cannot be used in the electrode system, and many of the techniques which have been used to study detailed emittance shapes are very difficult to utilize because of these thermal problems. On the other hand, it is possible to accumulate electrons in these dc beams to eliminate the dispersive effect of space charge. Pulsed beams with on‐times of less than a few hundred microseconds ordinarily are completely unneutralized. Ion sources are described which are especially suited to proton production and to molecular ion production at source arc currents of up to 50 A. Single gap accelerating and focusing arrangements are described. A special configuration prevents electron trapping and subsequent break‐down in the combined electric and magnetic fields.

Electron Microprobe and Electron Diffraction Analysis of Surface Replica Extractions

W. B. Estill, M. M. Robertson, and G. H. Conrad

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 481 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720741 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Identical particle extraction, a new method for the microanalysis of contamination particles on surfaces or the identification of precipitates or particles in various matrixes, utilizes the extraction replica method and the identical area method. The principal advantage of this method is that the electron microprobe is used to obtain an elemental analysis of the identical particles from which electron diffraction patterns are obtained.

Differential Calorimetry of Thermally Induced Processes in Solution

Raymond Danforth, Henry Krakauer, and Julian M. Sturtevant

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 484 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720742 (4 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An apparatus for the differential thermal analysis of small (1.7 ml) samples of solutions is described. A heat effect amounting to 50 cal per liter of solution taking place over a 30° temperature interval can be measured with a precision of 5%, and a change in heat capacity of the solution amounting to 2 cal deg−1 per liter of solution can be measured with a precision of 15%.

Nanosecond Fluorimeter

Lee Hundley, Tim Coburn, Edward Garwin, and Lubert Stryer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 488 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720743 (5 pages) | Cited 38 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A nanosecond fluorimeter suitable for measuring the emission kinetics of chromophores which have excited state lifetimes longer than 1 nsec is described in this paper. The acquisition and processing of the nanosecond data were accomplished in entirety by computers. The pulsed light source, an oxygen spark‐gap lamp operated in a relaxation mode, is simple to construct and use. The lamp exhibits high intensity over a broad spectral range, as well as a short pulse duration. In the wavelength interval from 230 to about 470 mμ, there were 6×1011 photons per pulse at a repetition rate of 2.1 kHz. The spectrum of the lamp was approximately flat between 200 and 600 mμ. The rise and fall times of the light pulse, as measured with a planar photodiode, were 0.7 and 1.1 nsec. The accompanying current pulse had rise and fall times shorter than 0.43 nsec. A 1P21 photomultiplier tube was used as the detector in the fluorimeter. The output of the 1P21 was connected to a sampling oscilloscope that was triggered by a synchronous current pulse from the light source. The analog output of the sampling oscilloscope was digitized, stored, and averaged on a LINC computer, and then transferred to magnetic tape for processing on an IBM 7090. The nanosecond data were analyzed in terms of a convolution integral which took into account the shape of the exciting light pulse as seen by the detection system. The use of the apparatus is illustrated by two examples: 1, 4‐bis‐2‐ (4‐methyl‐5‐phenyloxazolyl) benzene, which has a lifetime of 1.5 nsec; and 1‐anilino‐8‐naphthalene sulfonate bound to serum albumin, which has a lifetime of 17.1 nsec.

Instrument for Continuous Measurement of Internal Resistance of Voltaic Cells During Discharge

Robert P. Clark and Efstratios D. Zaffery

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 492 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720744 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An instrument for measuring electrolyte conductance or resistance is described. This instrument is unique in that it has the following combination of features: (1) resistance values in the range 1×10−1 to 2×105 Ω can be measured with an accuracy of better than 5%; (2) resistance can be continuously recorded as a function of time; (3) the internal resistance of voltaic cells can be measured during cell discharge; and (4) no special conductivity cells are required. The present instrument is a modified ac Wheatstone bridge. The value of the unbalance signal is monitored and mathematically converted to resistance. Uses for the instrument are discussed and typical results are given.

Re‐entrant Hysteresis Loop Tracer

R. Wolfe and S. E. Haszko

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 497 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720745 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A simple method has been developed for displaying and measuring the important features of re‐entrant hysteresis loops of ferromagnetic wires. A conventional ac loop tracer is modified by the addition of a pulse generator and an extra coil coaxial with the specimen. A current pulse in this coil is used to nucleate a reverse domain in the wire at the appropriate time so that domain walls are available to be moved by the field coil. The loop traced on the oscilloscope then shows the wall motion coercivity. When no current pulse is used, the conventional rectangular loop which shows the nucleation field is displayed. If the pulses are generated at half the applied field frequency, the inner and outer loops are displayed alternately and appear to be superimposed. This loop tracer has been used to measure the normal re‐entrancy of permalloy wires, the stress‐induced re‐entrancy of ribbons with positive magnetostriction constants, and an unusual type of re‐entrancy in nickel wires. With appropriate modifications this technique can be applied to other specimen configurations and loop tracers.

Experimental Arrangement for Comparison of the Optical and Physical Characteristics of Particulate Smokes

D. C. Vogel, R. R. Circle, and R. S. Powell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 499 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720746 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An experimental apparatus to allow generation, control, and sampling of particulate smokes has been combined with an angular scanning spectropolarimeter to allow study of the optical character of polydisperse and irregularly shaped particles. The experimental apparatus and its operation are described.

Production of Monodisperse Sprays

E. K. Dabora

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 502 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720747 (5 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A technique for producing monodisperse sprays is described. The technique makes use of Rayleigh's criterion for the breakup of capillary jets by mechanically vibrating a number of uniform size capillary needles arranged in parallel. It was used to produce sprays in the size range of 290–950 μ, but in principle there is no reason why this range cannot be extended. The regime of spray sizes where drop coalescence is likely to take place is delineated, and methods of minimizing coalescence are described.

Pulsed, High Intensity Source of Soft X Rays

Everet H. Beckner

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 507 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720748 (5 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A description is given of the techniques and apparatus employed to generate a high density keV plasma capable of serving as an intense source of soft x rays. The spectral distributions of the emission spectra have been analyzed and details of the analysis are presented. The distributions are characteristic of 5–10 keV optically thin plasma continua with line radiation superimposed. Source intensities of from 0.1 to 5 MW are readily produced, lasting for a few tenths μsec; these intensities are a strong function of the material used for discharge tube electrodes, varying as Z4 for Z≤30. Finally, cursory experiments were conducted to examine the feasibility of filtering these spectra to obtain a monochromatic radiation source.

Precision Dosimetry System Suited for Low Temperature Radiation Damage Experiments

H. H. Andersen, C. C. Hanke, and H. Sørensen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 511 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720749 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A calorimetric system for dosimetry on a beam of charged particles is described. The calorimeter works at liquid helium temperature. The total dose may be measured with an accuracy of 0.3%, and the dose per area with 0.4%. No theoretical corrections are needed.

Vibrotron Analog Microbarograph System

F. E. Morris

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 514 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720750 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An analog microbarograph system for recording atmospheric pressure is described. Pressure sensitivity ranges and time response are selectable from simple front panel controls making the system extremely observable for experimental work. Slight modifications would make the system adaptable to pressure ranges other than the atmospheric range.

Simple Giant Pulse Ruby Laser of High Spectral Brightness

G. Magyar

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 517 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720751 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A small rotating prism switched ruby giant pulse laser is reported which, with the aid of a specially designed resonant reflector and moderate cooling, delivers all its available power (∼25 MW) in a spectral width of <0.01 Å. It can be used as the oscillator of a high power amplifying system.

Time‐of‐Flight Electron Velocity Spectrometer

G. C. Baldwin and S. I. Friedman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 519 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720752 (13 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A velocity selector is described which is designed for measurement of the total collision cross section of electrons in the energy region below 1 V. The system determines the distributions of times of flight of single electrons over a measured path at selected pressures of a specimen gas. The electrons are generated by repetitive illumination of a photoemitter by a spark gap, pass over a shielded drift path, enter an accelerating field, and impinge on an electron multiplier. Electronic equipment and data reduction for analysis of time‐of‐flight and amplitude distributions of electron counts are described; data illustrative of performance are presented, including typical transmission measurements in helium and argon which extend to 150 mV.

Bearing Cage Follower‐Platform for Bearing Studies

Horace E. Staph and George F. Munsch

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 532 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720753 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A separately driven shaft was located facing an operating test bearing, with the centerlines of the shaft and the bearing collinear. The shaft speed was synchronized with that of the bearing cage. Thus lead wires from cage‐mounted transducers could be brought to signal telemetering systems for remote readout. The shaft speed synchronization with the cage was obtained by reflecting light signals off the cage side wall onto three photocells, which signals were amplified to provide 3‐phase power to drive the shaft motor. The system is described in detail. An example of the system used to measure inner race and cage temperatures of a ball bearing at speeds to 15 000 rpm is given.

Acoustic Technique for Use in Some Solidification Rate Studies

J. A. Bailey and A. Dula

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 535 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720754 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An acoustic technique is described for following the motion of the solid‐liquid interface during the freezing of a quantity of water where the heat transfer is unidirectional. It is shown that the experimental data compare very favorably with both direct observation and a numerical solution to the transient heat conduction problem and also conform to a relationship observed previously, namely, ϵ = qt☒+C, where ϵ is the thickness of the ice layer, t is the time, and q and C are constants. The effect of superheat on the shape of the solid‐liquid interface is clearly demonstrated.

Novel Lithium Drift Control Method for Silicon and Germanium Radiation Detectors

W. A. Schüler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 539 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720755 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A method and an apparatus are described which allow a nondestructive indication of the progress of the drifting operation. While drifting, pulsed light is shone onto the face opposite the lithium diffused layer of the device. The photosensitivity of the detector is used to obtain a signal whose amplitude is inversely proportional to the window thickness, i.e., the thickness of the undrifted region. A charge sensitive amplifier and a peak rectifier convert the pulses into a dc signal which is used for window thickness indication.

Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Solids at High Pressure

Robert B. Gordon and Leslie F. Mike

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 541 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720756 (6 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Apparatus for making precision measurements of the stress‐strain curves of solids under high pressure has been developed. Constant deformation rate is obtained by use of an electric motor drive system operating within the pressure vessel. Forces are measured with a resistance strain gauge load cell also within the vessel. The equipment may be adapted for making compression or tension tests, stress relaxation and creep experiments, microhardness measurements, and observations of internal friction in solids under true hydrostatic pressure.

Buoyancy Microbalance for Measuring Gas Densities

Richard M. Tisinger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 547 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720757 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A microbalance is described which uses a stainless steel beam mounted on two tungsten pivots bearing on sapphire vee jewels. A 20 g buoyed mass is located on each arm, one made of brass and the other of aluminum. A restoring torque, equal and opposite to the net buoyant torque, is applied by a beam mounted permanent magnet located within a magnetic coil. The coil current is proportional to the density of the fluid. The beam displacement is sensed by an LVDT. Balance sensitivity is 0.4 μg∕cm3, and reproducibility is 0.01% for pressures up to 35 kg∕cm2. The free volume of the device is 75 cm3.

Secondary Emission of AgMgOCs Dynodes and its Dependence on the Temperature

G. M. De' Munari, G. Mambriani, and F. Giusiano

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 551 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720758 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A simple method for investigating the temperature dependence of the photomultiplier gain is described. The gain of the AgMgOCs dynodes of four 56AVP was measured as a function of the temperature between 90 and 300°K. The dynode gain was found to be independent of the temperature, at least within a few per cent. This ensures that the secondary emission, too, is constant within the above given temperature range. Moreover, the secondary emission as a function of the energy of bombarding electrons is temperature independent.
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All Glass Syringe Type Valves for Use in UHV Systems

A. M. Cutteridge and P. E. Nel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 554 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720759 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Use of Neon Exchange Gas for Precooling 3He Cryostats

John N. Kidder

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 555 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720760 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Simple Gouy Regulator for On‐Off Thermostatic Control

J. G. Becsey and James A. Bierlein

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 556 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720761 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Microwave Method for Planetary Atmosphere Research

L. Frenkel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 557 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720762 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Electrical Feedthrough for Pressures to 10 kbar

Peter L. M. Heydemann

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 558 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720763 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Cryostat for Color Center Studies

Theodore J. Neubert and Joseph F. Sydejko

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 559 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720764 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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