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Feb 1966

Volume 37, Issue 2, pp. 147-240

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Thin Liquid Sheets at Reduced Pressure and Applications in Nuclear Physics

J. A. R. Griffith and E. J. Burge

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 147 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720114 (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Thin sheets of flowing water, up to 10 cm2 and 0.01–0.05 cm thick, were produced and investigated under reduced ambient pressures down to the natural vapor pressure. Their behavior was well represented by Taylor's theory. Measurements were made of the sheet thickness, and a schlieren system was used to estimate thickness variations, which could be limited to about 1% over areas of a few cm2. Preliminary studies were also made with jets and sheets of liquid oxygen under reduced pressures. A practical water target is described for time of flight measurements on the reaction 16O(p,n)16F with 30 and 50 MeV protons. It is pointed out that such targets sometimes have advantages over gaseous, solid, and conventional liquid targets, particularly with regard to defined geometry, low background, single nuclear species, and ability to be used with high beam intensities.

Stopped Flow Apparatus Employing a Rapid Scanning Monochromator

James L. Dye and Larry H. Feldman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 154 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720115 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A stopped flow apparatus employing a rapid scanning monochromator is described. This system is thermostatted and uses Pyrex mixing cells. The monochromator permits rapid study of changes in the spectrum for suitable moderately fast reactions. The instrument is double beam and direct reading in absorbance units. Data are stored on an FM tape recorder and played back to an oscilloscope. Tests of the instrument's performance are given, and several possible applications are discussed.

Gyro‐Orientation Determination Using Phosphorescent Materials

Robert H. Tuffias

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 158 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720116 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The determination of the orientation of the spin axis of a spherical free gyroscope (i.e., electrostatic, low temperature, etc.) is usually performed optically by making use of some sort of pattern or marking on the rotor. This requires that the rotor have a preferred axis of rotation so that the relative orientation of the spin axis and pattern are known. This paper describes a method of ``attaching'' the pattern to the spin axis by making use of a phosphorescent coating on the rotor. This technique has the advantage of allowing the rotor to be manufactured as spherical as possible in order to eliminate torques caused by nonsphericity, while still having the capability of high accuracy readout.

High Voltage Impulse System

David Finkelstein, Philip Goldberg, and Joshua Shuchatowitz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 159 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720117 (4 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An alternative to the Marx circuit for the production of high voltage, high current pulses is developed. It employs a water‐immersed spiral‐wound stepup transformer to go from a capacitor bank charged to 100 kV to an output of 1 MV. A method for using such a transformer to pulse charge a second capacitor bank efficiently without very tight coupling is derived. It is shown that for total transfer of energy (except for dissipation) the two resonant frequencies of the primary and secondary LC circuits (each measured with the other circuit open) should be equal, while the two normal mode frequencies of the coupled circuit should be in the ratio of 2:1, implying a coupling coefficient of 3∕5. The design and operation of such a system is described.

Anaerobic Stopped Flow Apparatus

J. Lawrence Fox and Gordon Tollin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 162 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720118 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A stopped flow apparatus for studying moderate rate reactions under anaerobic conditions is presented. The apparatus is described and some of its characteristics are given.

Twin Liquid Metal Solution Calorimeter

J. B. Darby, R. Kleb, and O. J. Kleppa

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 164 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720119 (4 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The design and operation of a twin liquid metal solution calorimeter of the Calvet type for use up to 1173°K is described. The calorimeter is well‐suited for the study of alloys containing transition elements. A means of automatically recording the data is described. The satisfactory performance of the calorimeter has been demonstrated by a determination of the heats of solution of the noble metals and of palladium in liquid tin at 698°K. The results are in good agreement with existing data.

Microwave Bridge Measurement of Plasma Frequency

B. C. Lutz, P. D. Lindsay, and L. E. Roemer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 168 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720120 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A simple method for determination of plasma frequency is described, utilizing the cutoff effect of a plasma near electron cyclotron resonance. This determination can be made visually or by use of a microwave bridge.

Specimen Holder for Deuteron Irradiation Experiments in Metals Between 4°K and Room Temperature

K. Herschbach

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 171 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720121 (2 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A specimen holder which permits annealing experiments to be carried out after deuteron bombardment at liquid He temperature is described. Utilizing the heat capacity of He gas results in lower He consumption and improved temperature regulation. For any temperature between 15 and 300°K, the temperature regulation is ±0.01°K or better. Details of the mounting of specimens are included in this report.

Vibrating Coil Magnetometer for Use at Very Low Temperatures

R. S. Kaeser, E. Ambler, and J. F. Schooley

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 173 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720122 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A vibrating coil type magnetometer is described for measuring magnetization curves of small specimens in the magnetic cooling range of temperature. For a 3 mm diam sphere the sensitivity of magnetic moment measurements is 10−6 emu. At this sensitivity the amplitude of vibration is 0.5 mm, and at 0.3°K the extra heat influx into the sample thereby introduced is less than 10 erg∕min. Examples of magnetization curves are shown.

Gamma‐Ray Pulse Dosimeter

Yutaka Furuta and Seturo Kinbara

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 176 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720123 (5 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
A gamma‐ray dosimeter, which has a response expressible in roentgens and high sensitivity with a small active volume, is described. The major parts of this dosimeter (gamma‐ray pulse dosimeter) are a scintillation counter using an organic scintillator and an electronic integrator, with special care to reduce the counting loss. This dosimeter is sensitive to x or gamma rays with energies above 50 keV, and has an air equivalent response for energies above 200 keV with maximum response at 80 keV (+14%). A linear temperature dependence (0.5%∕°C) is obtained under 40°C.

Low Cost Automatic Quartz Dilatometer

Paul Wagner, Alfred L. Gonzales, Robb C. Minor, and Philip E. Armstrong

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 180 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720124 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A fully automatic fused quartz dilatometer for operation in the temperature interval 25–700°C has been designed and built. Use of an unbonded strain gauge as the measurement transducer has resulted in a system of great simplicity, high precision, and very low cost. Details of the design and operation of the dilatometer are discussed.

Symmetry Properties of Beam Handling Magnet Systems

J. C. Herrera and E. E. Bliamptis

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 183 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720125 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Matrix methods are used to analyze particle beam handling magnet systems composed of a primary system followed by a symmetrical replica of itself. There are three such combinations, i.e., the primary system M followed by its reflection MR, the system M followed by its antireflection MA, and the system M followed by the flipped over replica of itself MF. Explicit conditions are imposed on the primary system which due to the over‐all symmetry result in desirable beam transport properties for the complete system.

High Speed Magnetically Operated Particle or Light Shutter

Glenn Kuswa

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 189 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720126 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A shutter that can close five openings 0.635×5.84 cm to straight trajectory particles 240 μsec after it is pulsed, and remain closed for 1 msec, has been tested in a vacuum and in air. Driving energy is stored in a 15 μF capacitor. The shutter is intended to stop directed residual gas molecules of pulsed plasma guns from entering regions in which plasma properties are being studied.

Pulse Height Defect and Energy Dispersion in Semiconductor Detectors

Eldon L. Haines and A. Bruce Whitehead

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 190 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720127 (5 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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We have calculated the contributions of the atomic (screened Coulombic) scattering process to the pulse height defect and energy dispersion observed when heavy ions expend their energies in semiconductor detectors. Atomic scattering appears to account qualitatively for the pulse height defect observed for most heavy ions in both silicon and germanium detectors. Atomic scattering also contributes substantially to the energy dispersion.

Highly Accurate Nonspherical Reflectors for the Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelength Region

W. K. Rivers and A. P. Sheppard

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 195 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720128 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A method of fabricating nonspherical reflectors for the millimeter and submillimeter wave region with a precision greater than that afforded by normal machining techniques yet less costly than optical grinding has been devised. The heart of the technique lies in bonding a thin foil of aluminum to a slip cast fused silica mold with epoxy cement. Both paraboloidal and prolate spheriodal reflectors have been built. The surface of a 30.5 cm paraboloidal reflector fabricated by this method has been found to vary by no more than ±12 μ which was the limit of resolution of the longitudinal aberration test used for checking the finished surface.

Kinetic Friction of Textile Yarns: Improved Measuring Instrument

James J. F. Knapton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 197 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720129 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A versatile instrument for measuring the kinetic friction of textile yarns over any test object is described. The instrument incorporates new features for more precise friction evaluation, such as a feedback control for continuous testing and an accurate system for applying constant input tensions of any desired value. The instrument collects friction data continuously, using the established technique of measuring the input and output yarn tensions over the test object, by use of differential capacitor transducers accurate to ±0.1 g. Using Howell's model of kinetic friction, the relationship describing the dependence of the friction force F on the normal load W for a worsted yarn over metal has been shown to be given by F=0.637 W0.782. Kinetic measuring of yarn∕metal, yarn∕yarn friction can be performed on most types and counts of yarn.

Optical Lever System Application to a Quartz Bourdon Tube Pressure Measuring System

Gilbert S. Stratton and Edward Catalano

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 201 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720130 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An optical lever system for the null measurement of large angular displacements is described. The minimum resolution is 0.0002°. The over‐all size is 15×15×10 cm, which includes light source, optics, and detector system. The optical lever system is used as a modification in a commercially available quartz Bourdon tube pressure gauge. Performance data for the lever and for the entire pressure measuring system are presented.

Simple High Temperature Compression Testing Apparatus

D. R. O'Boyle and D. J. Mack

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 204 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720131 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A simple, inexpensive test fixture has been designed for use with a commercial tensile test machine for compression testing above room temperature either in vacuum or in an inert atmosphere. A unique seal design was incorporated into the apparatus which reduces dynamic seal friction sensed by the load cell to a minimum. The apparatus has been used for compression testing from room temperature to 1000°C and works well over a wide range of strain rates.

Design Considerations for a Kossel Microdiffraction Camera

D. L. Vieth and H. Yakowitz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 206 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720132 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A Kossel microdiffraction camera has been adapted to the National Bureau of Standards electron probe microanalyzer. Design criteria for a Kossel camera are discussed and evaluated. The details of their adaption to the National Bureau of Standards Kossel microdiffraction camera are given. The major features adopted were (1) transmission camera, (2) inclusion of microgoniometric capabilities, (3) film cassette in air rather than vacuum, and (4) source to film distance adjustable between 5 and 11 cm. Transmission pseudo‐Kossel patterns of an aluminum crystal obtained with Cu radiation are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the camera.

Time Resolved Electrical Measurements in High Current Discharges

E. C. Cassidy, S. W. Zimmerman, and K. K. Neumann

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 210 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720133 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A method for measurement of the resistive component of the instantaneous voltage across a sample installed in a high voltage, high current circuit is described. Simultaneous measurement of the current permitted time resolved determination of electrical energy dissipation, power, and resistance of the sample. The system was calibrated calorimetrically, and measurements were made with exploding wire samples.

High Efficiency Solid State Neutron Telescope for 15–35 MeV Neutrons

E. R. Flynn and H. C. Bryant

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 215 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720134 (9 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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High detection efficiency for a neutron telescope spectrometer is achieved without the usual sacrifice in energy resolution by replacing the standard radiator by a series of radiators, each of which is backed by a silicon transmission detector. By adding the pulses from the transmission detectors, with appropriate gains, to the pulse from the final thick detector, in which the proton recoil stops, a signal is produced which is proportional to the energy of the proton recoil, with an energy uncertainty of one‐half the energy lost by the proton in a single radiator. Thus the energy resolution is determined, for small recoil angles, by the thickness of a single radiator, whereas the detection efficiency is determined by the sum of the radiator thicknesses. Details of operation, efficiency calculation, data analysis, and several spectra demonstrating the performance are discussed. Possible extensions and improvements of the system are considered.
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Simple Air Liquefier

Gilbert C. Ford and Virgil W. Vail

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 224 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720135 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Fiberglas Balloon Gondola

T. A. Parnell and F. S. Meldau

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 225 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720136 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Production of Ions of Alkali Metals, Other Metals, and Halogens in an rf Source

Grant J. Lockwood

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 226 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720137 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Instrument for Measuring Specific Volume as a Function of Pressure

Walter M. Madigosky

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 227 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720138 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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