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Volume 37

Issue 12 | Dec | pp. 1643-1751

Issue 11 | Nov | pp. 1443-1626

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Select this Article		Three Dimensional Magnetically Supported Wind Tunnel Balance William H. Dancy and William R. Towler Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1643 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720073 (6 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A three component, wind tunnel balance capable of magnetically suspending a test model in the center of a 25 cm diameter, high velocity, low density gas stream without the use of mechanical supports has been developed. Reaction forces experienced by the model are resolved into three mutually orthogonal components with one of these components being aligned with the axis of the tunnel. A complete description of the magnetic and electrical components of the balance is presented.

Select this Article		Simple Mechanical Light Discriminator For Recording of Luminescence S. Peled, U. El‐Hanany, and S. Yatsiv Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1649 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720074 (1 page) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A mechanical device for obtaining fluorescence spectra is described. The elimination of the exciting radiation and stray light in this device is highly effective, so that very weak fluorescence signals can be recorded without optical filters.

Select this Article		Electron Microprobe and Electron Microscope Investigation of Identical Areas W. B. Estill and M. M. Robertson Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1650 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720075 (2 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new technique, called ``identical area microscopy,'' allows direct comparison of the results of optical, electron probe, and electron microscope studies of the same area. Although the contamination film which builds up on a specimen during electron probe studies can adversely influence analysis, it proves to be an excellent surface replica for electron microscope studies.

Select this Article		Ion Gauge for Vacuum Pressure Measurements below 1×10⁻¹⁰ Torr J. C. Helmer and W. H. Hayward Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1652 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720076 (3 pages) \| Cited 18 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Low pressure measurements by Bayard‐Alpert gauges are limited by x‐ray photoelectric currents at the ion collector, equivalent to a pressure reading of about 1×10⁻¹¹ Torr. Through efforts to reduce this x‐ray current, the Bayard‐Alpert structure has been modified, whereby a beam of ions is extracted from the grid and bent around a corner to a remote collector. By this geometry the collector is shielded from the x‐ray source at the grid, and the photoelectric current is reduced by a factor of 100, without incurring a loss in gauge sensitivity. Bending of the ion beam is accomplished by a cylindrical, electrostatic field, in which the ion trajectories are independent of e∕m. 100% modulation of the ion beam intensity is achieved by turning off the bending field, thereby permitting pressure measurements as low as 1×10⁻¹⁴ Torr. A total pressure of 5×10⁻¹³ Torr, nitrogen equivalent, has been measured in a stainless steel vacuum system employing ion sputtering and titanium sublimation as the means of evacuation.

Select this Article		Merging Beams, A Different Approach to Collision Cross Section Measurements S. M. Trujillo, R. H. Neynaber, and Erhard W. Rothe Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1655 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720077 (7 pages) \| Cited 78 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A different approach has been developed to measure two‐body collision cross sections in the energy range from thermal to several hundred electron volts. Two molecular beams are merged and move in the same direction along a common axis. Ion‐neutral reactions are discussed but the techniques could also be used for ion‐ion and neutral‐neutral collisions. Advantages of the merging beams technique over conventional beam‐gas and crossed beam methods include accessibility (with good energy resolution) to the energy region from a few tenths of one to a few electron volts; the possibility of measuring cross sections for two general, labile species; and relative ease in collecting and detecting products for total reaction cross section measurements. The principles of the method and details of the instrument are discussed. A cross section for the resonant charge transfer of Ar was measured. Reasonable agreement with some previous measurements, and other tests, indicate that the basic principles of a merging beams technique are valid and that the apparatus performs satisfactorily.

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BROWSE VOLUMES

Dec 1966

Volume 37, Issue 12, pp. 1643-1751

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Select this Article		Dielectric Cell for Liquids of High Dielectric Constant G. A. Vidulich and Robert L. Kay Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1662 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720078 (3 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A dielectric cell with platinum electrodes fused onto concentric glass cylinders is described. The cell is completely shielded and of the three terminal, guarded type necessary for the precise measurement of dielectric constants and conductances without the use of reference liquids. It can be cleaned readily with strong oxidizing agents, can be dried and filled with electrodes in place, and can be thermostated with relative ease. Another feature of the cell is its ease of construction and its adaptability to the rapid measurement of dipole moments and conductances in solutions of very low dielectric constant.

Select this Article		Apparatus for Measurement of Bulk Modulus W. J. Wostl, R. J. Buehler, and T. Dresser Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1665 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720079 (5 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The scarcity of accurate bulk modulus data on many liquids led to the construction of an apparatus to determine both adiabatic and isothermal bulk modulus values. The apparatus is designed for highly compressible liquids such as pentane as well as relatively ``hard'' liquids like water or crude oils. The temperature range of the instrument is from 0 to +50°C, and the pressure range from 0 to 300 kg∕cm². The precision in adiabatic bulk modulus measurements with this apparatus has been determined for water for which the derived error is 0.1%.

Select this Article		Nonboiling Liquid Hydrogen Target Nelson Jarmie Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1670 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720080 (2 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A thin 2 mm liquid hydrogen target is described. It operates at conditions away from the boiling curve and can therefore absorb considerable (200 mW) power from an accelerator beam without serious boiling. Construction and operation are discussed and several additional advantages are presented.

Select this Article		New Vibroscope Transducer A. E. Stearn Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1672 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720081 (4 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A transducer system is described which enables the transverse frequency of resonance of strings to be determined with great precision. The theoretical discussion enables the magnitude of the output to be calculated, and a practical system used by the author is given. The excitation and detection of movement of the fiber is purely electrical, depending on the fact that a charged fiber vibrating with a small amplitude between two electrodes causes a charge movement at the electrode proportional to its displacement.

Select this Article		Superconducting Switch R. P. Huebener and R. E. Govednik Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1675 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720082 (2 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A superconducting switch is described which has an electrical resistance of 45 Ω in the nonsuperconducting state. The dimensions of the switch are 3.5×3.5×1.5 cm.

Select this Article		Spectral Response System for Processing Photocathodes John T. Ioannou and Dimitri G. Theodorou Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1677 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720083 (5 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A processing system for photocathodes has been developed whereby the variation of the spectral response of the photocathode can be continuously monitored throughout processing. The design details of the system are given together with some examples which show the variation of the spectral response of an S‐20 photocathode during various steps in processing. This system should lead to procedures for controlling the luminous sensitivity in any portion of the visible spectrum, better predictable photocathode‐to‐photocathode uniformity, and reduced processing time.

Select this Article		Instrument for Lunar Surface Chemical Analysis Anthony Turkevich, Karlfried Knolle, Richard A. Emmert, Wayne A. Anderson, James H. Patterson, and Ernest Franzgrote Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1681 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720084 (6 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An instrument has been designed and constructed which utilizes the interactions of monoenergetic alpha particles with matter for surface chemical analysis. The source of alpha particles is a radioactive nuclide, such as ²⁴²Cm. The energy spectra of backscattered alpha particles are measured with semiconductor detectors. Other detectors (with gold foils over them to eliminate alpha particles) register protons from α,p reactions. Transistorized electronics provide 128‐channel pulse height analyzers for both alpha and proton spectra. The first prototype instrument designed for the presently planned Surveyor Lunar Missions weighs less than 4 kg and uses less than 1.3 W.

Select this Article		Modified Detection Arrangement for Scanning Electron Diffraction Instrument D. B. Dove and P. N. Denbigh Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1687 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720085 (3 pages) \| Cited 10 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Modifications to the detection arrangement of a scanning electron diffraction apparatus, described by Grigson [Rev. Sci. Instr. 36, 1587 (1965)], have been carried out to (i) permit rejection of inelastically scattered electrons, (ii) provide measurements of the main beam by Faraday cage, and (iii) provide high sensitivity measurements using a semiconductor detector and modulated beam.

Select this Article		Diffused Germanium Resistors for Thermometry in 20 to 70°K Range B. G. Cohen, A. R. Tretola, and R. Lilienthal Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1689 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720086 (4 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In studying the temperature variation of electrical conductivity of thin diffused layers in germanium, effects useful in thermometry have been found. For layers diffused with antimony in the range 3×10¹⁷ to 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³, no impurity deionization is observed to temperatures as low as 13.9°K. Thus the variation of mobility in the layer determines the temperature dependence of resistivity. The mobility is observed to vary as μ=μ₀Tⁿ, with n close to unity in the range 20 to 70°K. This behavior makes such diffused resistors suitable for use as low temperature thermometers. By use of planar transistor technology n type resistors have been diffused into p type germanium. The resulting p‐n junction electrically isolates but thermally connects the resistor and the substrate. Thus the resistance element can be conductively coupled to the system to be measured. Since the diffused resistor is typically only 1 μ thick, thermometers having 1000 Ω resistance at 60°K are readily obtainable and two wire measurement is satisfactory. Indication of a step change in temperature from 60 to 20°K is essentially completed in 20 msec. Data on the stability of indication and magnetoresistance effect are presented, and use between 2 and 20°K is discussed.

Select this Article		System for Orienting Balloon Payloads in Space S. M. Derdeyn and D. A. Kniffen Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1693 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720087 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An inexpensive system for orienting balloon payloads to allow a detector to view a fixed position on the celestial sphere is described. The basic system is a sun seeker with programmed motion to correct for earth rotation and wind drift, and to thereby provide relatively accurate orientation toward any desired direction on the celestial sphere. Two successful balloon flights have been flown utilizing this oriented platform, which can be used, with minor modifications, for a large number of applications.

Select this Article		Stress‐Strain Properties of Plastics at High Strain Rates M. L. Dannis and R. E. Watling Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1716 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720094 (6 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Apparatus of the falling weight type previously developed for tensile testing of rubbers at strain rates up to 14.5 m∕sec has been made stiffer and more sensitive to accommodate plastics. Loads up to 225 kg and resolution to about 50 μsec have been achieved using a piezoelectric transducer. A modified ring specimen, the ``racetrack,'' is also required to attain high resolution and reduce errors associated with conventional slip in the grip. Transducer voltages are displayed on a 'scope and photographed using well‐known procedures. These curves, when calibrated, are stress‐strain curves, showing brittle and ductile failures. Elapsed times range from about 0.3 to 2 msec. Tensile fractures usually occur in the middle of the stressed legs, often in both legs simultaneously. Reproducible curves have been obtained from commercial plastics such as polyethylene, rigid vinyls, and polystyrene, from metallic alloys of aluminum and copper, and from elastomers such as tread rubbers.

Select this Article		Self‐Modulating Derivative Densitometer F. Aramu and A. Rucci Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1696 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720088 (3 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The main features of a self‐modulating derivative densitometer as well as some typical results of the new method are reported. By comparing both derivative and nonderivative analysis of a spectrum conventionally recorded on a spectrographic plate, one can see that its detectability is increased by a factor much greater than 1. These experimental results are consistent with the gain to be expected by means of optical derivative spectroscopy.

Select this Article		Apparatus for Measurement of Friction and Adhesion at Ultrahigh Vacuum R. D. Brown and R. A. Burton Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1699 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720089 (3 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An apparatus is described which has been used to measure both friction and adhesion over a wide temperature range (−168 to 538°C) at ultrahigh vacuum (pressures as low as 5×10⁻¹⁰ Torr). By using sealed reentrant tubes, a number of major gas sources such as electrical wiring and insulation, thermocouples, heaters, and strain gauges are eliminated from inside the vacuum chamber. The specimen normal load is introduced through a gimbals mounted, bellows sealed arm projecting into the vacuum chamber. For friction experiments, the gimbal ring is oscillated by an external motor and crank, thus causing reciprocating sliding of a pin type specimen while in contact with a flat specimen. The variations of friction and adhesion with temperature were measured on the apparatus, confirming its effectiveness as a basic instrument.

Select this Article		Near 100% Efficiency Ion Detector for Use with Quadrupole Mass Filter P. Marchand, C. Paquet, and P. Marmet Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1702 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720090 (3 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A 14‐stage Ag‐Mg Allen type electron multiplier is used as an ion detector with a large exit aperture (5 cm diam) quadrupole mass filter. A simple lens system provides sufficient focusing on the first dynode of the multiplier to insure near 100% ion collection and extremely stable detection. A pulse height distribution for single ion impacts closely similar to that expected using Poisson statistics is obtained. Arguments as to the system's efficiency as well as details of the construction of the multiplier are given.

Select this Article		Shunt Triggered Flashtube Illumination System Design J. H. Sondericker Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1705 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720091 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The advantages and design flexibility gained by use of the shunt trigger method are discussed. A typical circuit is described which is used to turn on a series ignitron and simultaneously ionize the xenon flashtube. The trigger pulse has an amplitude of 30 kV with a peak current of 100 A. Its rate of rise with a flashtube load is better than 40 kV∕μsec with a half width of less than 1 μsec.

Select this Article		Scattering Chamber for Study of Three‐Body Reactions D. H. Ehlers, H. B. Knowles, D. C. Pecka, and M. N. Wise Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1708 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720092 (3 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A mechanically simple scattering chamber for heavy particle angular correlation studies has been designed and constructed. The chamber has provisions for controlling the motion of each of two solid state detectors. The lower detector possesses one degree of angular freedom in the horizontal plane, while the upper detector has two degrees of angular freedom and can be scanned continuously over the upper hemispherical surface. By means of external controls, the target can be tilted as well as rotated in order to accommodate to detector position.

Select this Article		Portable Battery Powered Instrument for Measuring Concentrations of Airborne Halogenated Hydrocarbon Compounds C. B. Avera Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1711 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720093 (5 pages) Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A lightweight, portable instrument for detection and measurement of halogenated hydrocarbon concentrations in ambient air has been developed. The detection principle is a form of the Beilstein flame test, using propane as fuel. Sampling is accomplished by aspiration within the burner, eliminating the need for a motor driven sampling pump. Fuel delivery and sampling rates are automatically regulated. The optical system incorporates an interference filter and a photoconductor, and several solid state circuits have been developed for readout, two of which are described in the text. The instrument is battery operated and weighs about 4.5 kg.

Select this Article		Charge Distribution of ¹⁶O Ions Produced from Tandem Accelerator E. Preikschat and J. G. Cramer Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1722 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720095 (5 pages) Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In an effort to obtain information about the acceleration of heavy ions in tandem accelerators, the charge state distribution of oxygen ions accelerated in the University of Washington FN tandem accelerator was measured at three terminal voltages and over a range of stripper pressures. It is found that the stripper pressure normally used is below the value required for equilibrium in the charge exchange process, but that at higher terminal voltages the average charge state of the ions can rise above the equilibrium value due to focusing effects in the accelerating tubes. This phenomenon has implications in the use of foil strippers with heavy ion beams. A useful empirical relation for the optimum stripper pressure for a given charge state is obtained.

Select this Article		Experimental Considerations for Polaroid Film X‐Ray Photographs E. T. Peters and S. A. Kulin Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1726 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720096 (4 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Polaroid type 57 sheet film (ASA 3000) has been evaluated as a means for recording x‐ray Laue and pinhole diffraction photographs; both transmission and back reflection geometries have been employed. Consideration has been given to the effect of x‐ray tube target material, tube voltage and current, exposure and processing times, collimator size, and specimen‐to‐film distance on resultant pattern quality. Examples are given which illustrate the the ability to obtain high quality Polaroid film patterns in considerably less (5 to 20%) time than is required for comparable wet process films.

Select this Article		Spark Erosion Fabrication of Single Crystal Tungsten Ribbon Filaments F. L. Reynolds Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 1730 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1720097 (2 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable