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Sep 1965

Volume 36, Issue 9, pp. 1291-1386

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27.6 cm Internal Diameter Superconducting Magnet

Z. J. J. Stekly, E. J. Lucas, T. A. De Winter, and C. Laverick

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1291 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719880 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The design construction and testing of a 27.6 cm bore superconducting magnet are described. The magnet was operated at 32 800 G at an average current of 10 A and a stored energy level of 300 000 J during a 9 day test.

Rotating Steel Mirrors—Failure and Success

Berlyn Brixner

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1297 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719881 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Four main causes of rotating steel mirror failure—excessive vibration, excessive speed, hydrogen embrittlement, and defective steel—are discussed and illustrated. Performance characteristics are given for a successful, 10 000 rps, 25×38 mm mirror drive.

Low Level Second Harmonic Detection System

D. E. Thomas and J. M. Rowell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1301 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719882 (6 pages) | Cited 38 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A second harmonic detection system suitable for detailed study of current‐voltage characteristics, particularly tunneling characteristics of superconductor and semiconductor junctions, is described. The system is capable of detecting second harmonic voltage changes as low as 10−9 V which allows the fundamental signal level to be ≤kT at a junction temperature of 1°K. A selection‐rejection impedance transformation reactance network which is the heart of the system is described. The quantitative relationships between second harmonic voltage and second derivative of current with respect to voltage are given. The capabilities of the system are illustrated by a photograph of an X‐Y recorder tracing of second harmonic voltage vs dc bias voltage for an Al‐I‐Pb tunnel junction.

Stable Current Regulator for Superconducting Solenoids

W. A. Fietz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1306 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719883 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A zero to twenty‐five ampere controller for use with a superconducting solenoid is described. The controller drift is less than one part in 106 per hour and the low frequency peak‐to‐peak noise is less than one part in 106 of the maximum current output. In addition, the controller contains circuitry to maintain the solenoid terminal voltage at a value which may be programmed as a decreasing function of solenoid current in order to vary the magnetic field to any desired value without exceeding the allowable terminal voltage of the solenoid.

Nitroguanidine Explosive Plane‐Wave Generator for Producing Low Amplitude Shock Waves

W. B. Benedick

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1309 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719884 (7 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An explosive plane‐wave generator is described in which low‐density nitroguanidine is used to reproducibly generate low amplitude plane shock waves. The nitroguanidine density was varied to change the shock wave amplitude. Most of the results are for a plane‐wave generator 7.1 cm in diameter; however, it is shown that scaling to a 10 cm diam is valid. For a 7.1 cm diam plane‐wave generator, the detonation wavefront planarity is within ±0.03 μsec over a 5 cm diameter. Based on quartz gauge measurements of propagated shock wave amplitudes in aluminum and brass, an approximate analysis indicates detonation pressures of about 9 and 12 kbar, respectively, for nitroguanidine densities of 0.30 and 0.40 g∕cc.

Rigid‐Tail Helium Cryostat for X Ray Diffraction Studies of Crystallized Gases

O. G. Peterson and R. O. Simmons

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1316 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719885 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A rigid‐tail cryostat suitable for x ray back‐reflection diffraction studies requiring temperature control within a few hundredths of a degree for extended time intervals in the range above 2.3°K is described. The specimen chamber permits the growth, visual study, thermal etching, and annealing of crystallized gases. It may also be pressurized to 20 atm for x ray studies of compressibility.

Inexpensive Low Temperature Cell for Visible and uv Spectra

W. B. Rose, J. W. Nebgen, and F. I. Metz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1319 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719886 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A simple low temperature Dewar and cell for visible and uv spectroscopic studies of liquids are described. The unit can be used with most spectrophotometers with little or no modification of the instruments. Advantages and disadvantages of the Dewar are discussed.

``Electric Wind'' Gas Discharge Anemometer

Kaare J. Nygaard

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1320 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719887 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The pressure gradient produced by the ions in a corona discharge has been used to balance the wind‐induced drag forces in a new type of gas discharge anemometer. Measurements were carried out in a 1 atm air wind tunnel at free‐stream velocities of 1.5–4.5 m∕sec. The instrument was operated in such a way that the effect of gravitational and electrostatic forces could be neglected. In the velocity range indicated above, the free‐stream velocity was found to be proportional to the gap voltage.

Programmed Temperature Controller and Cryostat

D. McSweeney, P. W. Levy, and P. D. Townsend

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1324 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719888 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A cryostat and programmed temperature controller has been developed to heat solid samples from liquid helium temperature to room temperature (4 to 300°K) so that their temperature increases according to a specified function of time. It can be operated at various heating rates and has been tested using linear heating rates of 0.5 to 20°K per minute. The desired temperature profile is obtained as a voltage from a function generator. This voltage is compared to the emf from a sensing thermocouple and the difference signal used to adjust the sample compartment heater. Any arbitrary monotonic temperature vs time function may be obtained by adjusting resistors in the function generator.

Effect of Wire Cross Section on the First Pulse of an Exploding Wire

Erol Oktay

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1327 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719889 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The optimum discharge in an exploding wire circuit is described. In this type of discharge, the stored energy of the capacitor discharges completely during the first pulse of the exploding wire phenomenon. It was determined from the results of experiments conducted in air at atmospheric pressure with Cu, Ag, and Pt wires that for an optimum discharge the initial voltage of the capacitor is directly proportional to the wire cross sectional area, and it is independent of the wire length. Consequently, the ratio of the stored energy of an optimum discharge to the mass of the wire is proportional to the inverse of the resistance of the wire at room temperature. The wire length was varied from 2.5 to 17.8 cm and the wire cross sectional area was varied from 4.8×10−5 to 3.2×10−3 cm2.

Regulated Light Source

Louis A. Rosenthal

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1329 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719890 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The light output from a small incandescent lamp can be regulated by employing a photoconductive cell in a feedback loop. Two systems are described and analyzed. Drifts less than 0.07% are achievable.

Simultaneous Measurements of Optical Transmission and Reflection in Thin Films

P. F. Váradi and J. R. Suffredini

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1331 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719891 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A monochromator modification was developed which makes simultaneous measurements of the optical transmission and reflection of thin films deposited in vacuum. The measurements can be made with light incident from either the substrate of the film or from the vacuum interface. The instrument is capable of working in the 0.4 to 2.30 μ wavelength range. The measuring system, sample design, and experimental errors are discussed.

Design and Performance of a Low Attenuation Electromagnetic Shock Tube

P. R. Smy

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1334 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719892 (6 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Various aspects of the design of a low attenuation electromagnetic shock tube are discussed. The driver gas is nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and is separated from the driven gas by a thin Mylar diaphragm. Particular attention is paid to matching electromechanically the shock tube driver to the energizing capacitor bank. These considerations may increase the uniformity of flow behind the shock wave as well as improve the efficiency of the shock tube. A simple criterion is evolved in terms of the various shock tube parameters, which states that the driver gas should be ejected as a single body during the first discharge of the capacitor bank. The construction of the shock tube is described. Measured shock velocities in air and argon for different capacitor voltages and downstream gas pressures are given and are compared with the velocities predicted by the simple theory. It is concluded that the shock driving mechanism is predominantly electromagnetic in nature but that at low downstream gas pressures (≤ 1 mm Hg) this mechanism is augmented by the wave action which accompanies Joule heating of the driver gas.

External Beam Extraction Rate Control for the Cosmotron Accelerator

J. G. Cottingham, V. J. Kovarik, and J. L. Pellegrin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1339 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719893 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The delivery rate of the external proton beam from the Cosmotron is made more uniform by a feedback system acting on the internal orbit center. This improves the experimental statistics and makes more efficient use of available beams.

Growth of Single Crystals and Bicrystals of Alkali Halides

N. Fuschillo, C. E. Nelson, and M. L. Gimpl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1341 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719894 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Techniques are described for the growth of large (6.3 cm2 by 15 cm) single crystals and bicrystals of NaCl. Grain boundaries from 2 to 45° mismatch across the interface were grown for pure tilt and pure twist misorientation in NaCl by the Czochralski technique. The method of crystal growth and the techniques required for good control of the misorientation and the planarity of the grain boundary are described. Similar techniques can be applied to KCl, LiF, and CsBr. The tilt grain boundaries of the NaCl bicrystals were found to be strong mechanically and not easily cleaved apart. The twist grain boundaries were very weak mechanically, especially at mismatch angles greater than 20°. Techniques and results for growing long thin single crystals of NaCl which have great flexibility and for observing the substructure of the growing interface of a single crystal are described.

Mössbauer Spectrometer using a Piezoelectric Bar in Resonant Oscillation

Robert Gerson and William S. Denno

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1344 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719895 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A Mössbauer velocity spectrometer has been constructed using a bar of piezoelectric ceramic (lead titanate zirconate) as the source of the Doppler‐shift velocity. The bar was driven electrically at its longitudinal resonant frequency (22 kHz for a bar 7 cm long and 0.6×0.6 cm cross section), the resonant condition permitting the attainment of higher velocities than had previously been obtained with piezoelectric drives. The piezoelectric is driven with about 1 V of excitation to display the Mössbauer spectrum for iron. This type of spectrometer may be useful for special purposes, as when its small size or ruggedness is necessary.

Measurement of the Dielectric Constant and Loss Tangent of Isotropic Films at Millimeter Wavelengths

G. E. Conklin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1347 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719896 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A technique for measuring the dielectric constant and loss tangent of isotropic films of electrical thickness less than about 60° has been developed. The method is adapted specifically to a cavity system constructed from 1.111 cm i.d. waveguide for use with the TE°01 mode from 50 to 60 Gc. The approximate limits on the measurable loss tangent of ordinary plastics by this technique are: 1×10−4≲tanδ≲1×10−1. Measurements at 55.2 Gc were made on three materials. The results are as follows:
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Direct‐Reading Ratio‐Sensitive Tristimulus Colorimeter

George Schlotzer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1350 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719897 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A direct‐reading ratio‐sensitive CIE tristimulus colorimeter employing photovoltaic cells is described. Its characteristics as a function of cell loading and cell illumination have been examined. The instrument is insensitive to large variations in light level provided there is no attendant color change. The ratio sensitive colorimeter is simpler to operate than the conventional current balance since the preliminary normalizing adjustment is eliminated. This property allows the ratio colorimeter to be used to continuously monitor color.

Laser Interferometer for Earth Strain Measurements

V. Vali, R. S. Krogstad, and R. W. Moss

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1352 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719898 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A laser interferometer for earth strain measurements has been constructed and is described. The apparatus is designed to measure displacements down to small fractions of the laser wavelength. Measurements of length change of the interferometer arm of 10 m length were obtained during normal microseismic activity and following a distant earthquake. Some representative results of this laser application are presented.

Low Frequency Field Modulation Differential Magnetometer; Applications to the De Haas‐Van Alphen Effect

A. Goldstein, S. J. Williamson, and S. Foner

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1356 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719899 (10 pages) | Cited 71 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Low frequency field modulation techniques (FMT) for measurements of differential magnetic susceptibility are discussed and specific applications to the de Haas‐van Alphen effect are analyzed. The method utilizes a small ac modulating field which is superimposed on a large applied dc magnetic field. Differential changes in magnetization of the sample are synchronously detected with the aid of a suitable arrangement of pickup coils. The FMT is applicable to a wide variety of magnetic measurements and is particularly valuable for de Haas‐van Alphen or magnetic transition studies at high magnetic fields. Advantages of this technique include: simplicity, versatility, direct applicability to axial high field water‐cooled and superconducting solenoids or transverse magnets, high differential sensitivity (dσ∕dB=3×10−6 emu∕gG), convenient access to the sample environment, and use of standard commercially available electronic components. Details of the detection coil assembly, sample rotation devices, and low temperature accessories are presented along with a general discussion of the data processing techniques. Modifications for transverse field modulation and accurate orientation of the dc or modulation field with respect to the sample are also discussed.

Evacuate‐Back Fill Glove Box

R. Wanser and D. R. Uhlmann

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1365 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719900 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A glove box is described whose chamber may be evacuated into the range of 10−6 mm Hg and subsequently back‐filled with a dry gas. Essential features include caps for evacuating simultaneously both sides of the gloves and quick disconnecting fittings for ready accessibility to the box. Slight modification of design permits wide variation in box geometry.
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Equipment for Growing Single Crystals by the Method of Temperature Changes

F. Galsbøl

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1367 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719901 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Recording High Pressure Capillary Extrusion Viscometer

John E. Bujake

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1368 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719902 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Secondary Thermometer for the 4 to 20°K Range

D. K. Finnemore, J. E. Ostenson, and T. F. Stromberg

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1369 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719903 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Transfer of Heat Below 0.2°K—A Comparison of Bonding Agents

J. I. Connolly, W. R. Roach, and R. J. Sarwinski

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1370 (1965); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719904 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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