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Feb 1958

Volume 29, Issue 2, pp. 87-185

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Temperature Determination in Flames by X‐Ray Absorption Using a Radioactive Source

George J. Mullaney

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 87 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716144 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A radioactive source Fe55 was used to measure the density of high‐temperature combustion products through a flame zone 6.5 cm long. Premixed propane‐oxygen and argon were used for the experiments with a porous metal burner. Temperatures were determined downstream of the main reaction zone in the flame at one atmosphere. Temperature profiles were obtained through the preheat and main reaction zone using radioactive Fe55 coated on a small platinum wire as a line source.

Apparatus for Precision Flash Radiography of Shock and Detonation Waves in Gases

Herbert T. Knight and Douglas Venable

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 92 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716145 (7 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An apparatus is described which is based on the technique introduced by Kistiakowsky utilizing the absorption of soft x‐rays to measure densities behind gaseous shock and detonation waves. Experimental conditions leading to the smallest absorption statistical uncertainty consistent with maximum sensitivity are defined. These may be approximated at reasonable pressures and tube diameters by adding a strongly absorbing rare gas diluent to the experimental gas mixture. Under such conditions measured densities are accurate to ±1%, as demonstrated by comparison of experimental and calculated densities for shock waves in krypton. At some sacrifice in accuracy, space resolution of 1 mm and time resolution of 1 μsec may be achieved.
A continuously pumped, laboratory‐built, demountable, pulsed x‐ray tube with an L‐cathode and tungsten target is used at an accelerating voltage of 20–‐30 kv to obtain currents up to 0.2 amp for durations of the order of 1 msec. Copper and chromium targets were also investigated.
For calibration purposes the tube is operated at a steady current of ≈0.2 ma and detector signals are measured potentiometrically to obtain transmission as a function of gas density.

Apparatus for Producing and Measuring High‐Energy Electrical Discharges

W. E. Richeson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 99 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716146 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Circuitry is described that is capable of delivering sparks with current pulses adjustable from square through damped oscillatory form, energies up to 100 j, peak currents to 50 000 amp, and rise times less than 2 μsec.
To observe the spark current, a novel differential measurement scheme was developed. This scheme eliminates errors inherent in establishing reference grounds, provides a method of reducing high‐frequency and high‐peak current distortions inherent in current viewing shunts, and provides a method of determining the potential across a spark gap.
Electrical characteristics of spark discharges in a saturated NaCl☒H2O solution, as well as the rate of growth of the luminous plasma of a spark in air, are described to illustrate the flexibility and general characteristics of the spark circuitry and the differential measurement scheme.

Calorimetric Assembly for the Measurement of Heats of Fusion of Inorganic Compounds

J. Goodkin, C. Solomons, and G. J. Janz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 105 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716113 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The apparatus consists of a calorimeter of basically simple design, above which is a movable, vertical furnace for heating the specimen contained in a hermetically sealed platinum capsule. A complete series of measurements may thus be carried out on one sample. The capsule is dropped directly into a metal dry‐chamber in the calorimeter in contact with a stirred liquid for measurement of heat content changes. A recommended procedure, based on experiments in pairs is described; one of each pair being a calibration drop, the other the specimen drop. The computation of heat content changes from the temperature changes observed is described. The limits of error of this and other calorimetric assemblies are critically discussed. Data to illustrate the results for the LiCl☒KCl eutectic mixture (mp 354.1°C) and the reproducibility of the measurements are given. The calorimetric assembly is capable of measurements of heats of fusion of inorganic compounds to an accuracy of ±2%.

Two‐Beam Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerator

Tihiro Ohkawa

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 108 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716114 (10 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An FFAG accelerator accommodating two beams circulating in opposite directions is proposed. Analytical expressions for the equilibrium orbits and the betatron oscillations are developed and are compared with numerical results obtained by digital computation. Typical design parameters are discussed.

Cryostat for Reactor Irradiation

C. C. Sartain and H. P. Yockey

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 118 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716115 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A cryostat for continuously bathing samples in liquid nitrogen or other heat transfer liquids during nuclear reactor irradiation has been constructed and successfully operated. The samples to be irradiated at low temperature are immersed in the heat transfer fluid which is high‐purity liquified nitrogen circulating in a closed system at a pressure greater than that of the atmosphere. The liquid is kept below its boiling point throughout its cycle by use of a heat exchanger located outside the reactor shield. The heat exchanger is cooled by commercial liquid nitrogen boiling at atmospheric pressure. Since oxygen and water vapor from the air cannot enter the closed pressurized system, no chemical explosions inside the nuclear reactor have occurred. Baths at other temperatures may be obtained by substituting suitable liquids for the high‐purity nitrogen heat transfer fluid and by keeping the heat exchanger at the desired temperature.

Bootstrapped Differential Amplifier with Reduced Common‐Mode Effects

Richard J. Blume

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 122 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716116 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The appearance of a common‐mode voltage at both grids of a conventional twin‐triode differential amplifier produces, by cathode follower action, an equal swing of the common cathode point. The resulting change in the operating point of the tubes causes undesired shifts of both the differential gain and the balance of the amplifier. In the present work, the change of voltage at the common cathode point is entirely transferred (``bootstrapped'') to the plate supply, with the result that a common‐mode voltage does not affect the operating points of the differential amplifier tubes. By this means, a common‐mode rejection ratio of >104:1 is readily achieved without tube selection or adjustments. With tube selection and some adjustment, >105:1 may be obtained. A common‐mode signal of ±35 v changes the differential gain of the circuit by 0.5% or less. A bootstrapped differential VTVM circuit which deflects a 1 ma 1.5K‐ohm pen recorder to full scale with ∼0.2 v dc input is described in detail.

Iodine‐Vapor‐Filled Ultraviolet Photon Counter

R. T. Brackmann, W. L. Fite, and K. E. Hagen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 125 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716117 (4 pages) | Cited 39 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A device for the sensitive detection of ultraviolet radiation in the range 1080–1260 A is described. This device is a Geiger‐Müller counter in which the counts are initiated by the photoionization of iodine vapor used in the tube's filling. The range of response is determined by the ionization potential of iodine and the short wavelength cutoff of LiF, through which radiation enters the counter. Because of iodine vapor in the filling, the electrical characteristics of the tube are those of a halogen‐quenched counter.

Thermal Precipitator for Continuous Aerosol Sampling

Clyde Orr and Roy A. Martin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 129 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716118 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Thermal precipitation is attractive for airborne particle collection because of the high collection efficiencies which may be attained and the convenient examination of the deposit. Most thermal precipitators, however, have very low sampling capacities or flow rates. To take fullest advantage of the desirable features of thermal precipitation, a new precipitator was designed and constructed. It operated continuously, and deposited particles upon a moving tape or substrate. Complete collection of particles resolvable with an electron microscope was attained in a 3‐in. diameter precipitating zone at a flow rate of 1 l∕min.

Energy Stabilization of the Berkeley Proton Linear Accelerator

H. B. Knowles

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 130 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716119 (7 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A device is described which stabilizes the energy of the 32‐Mev proton linear accelerator. The general system is similar to that developed for the Princeton cyclotron, with the exception of the control on the output energy. This control is obtained by slightly detuning the exit end of the rf cavity by means of a rotating paddle. Range is used to predetermine the proton energy. An auxiliary circuit is provided for direct control of the correcting paddle. Two ionization‐chamber currents are compared by a difference amplifier which is quite sensitive but very stable and can be located at any distance from the ionization chamber. An energy stabilization of ±40 kev is achieved.

Pulsed Cyclotron Method for 2–25 Mev Neutron Spectroscopy

James E. Draper

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 137 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716120 (6 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A method is described for obtaining short intense bursts (5 mμsec and 10–20 ma) of 22 Mev deuterons at a repetition rate of 500 cps. The cyclotron arc is pulsed on for 1 μsec, and one of the approximately ten circulating phase‐grouped beam bunches is selected for deflection onto the external cyclotron target by means of a 50 mμsec pulse on the cyclotron deflector. Using a 12.5 meter flight path the resulting radiations were analyzed. Investigations of backgrounds showed them to be less than one percent.

Observation of the Deflected Ion Beam Trajectory from a Cyclotron

Kiichi Kimura, Jun Kokame, and Sukeaki Yamashita

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 142 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716121 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A simple and convenient method has been employed to determine the trajectory of the deflected ion beam from a cyclotron. Using several mesh screens across the beam path, the location and angular divergence of the beam in various places can be obtained simultaneously by the holes made by the ion bombardment on these meshes.

Device for Measuring Isotonic or Isometric Contractions of Heart Muscle

William J. Whalen and Orville Weddle

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 144 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716122 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The device converts the motion of isotonic contraction into an electrical signal which can be recorded with the same equipment used to record the output of an isometric strain gauge. The isotonic gauge is essentially a straight wire potentiometer which moves freely through mercury contacts. The muscle is attached to one end of a lever and the resistance wire with a suitable weight (usually 0.5 g) attached to the other end. As shortening of the muscle occurs the resistance between the mercury contacts increases. Changes in length of about 0.1 mm can be quite accurately recorded. Turning a screw attached to a strain gauge down on the lever registers the isometric force in the conventional manner. The whole system is mounted on a movable stage.

Liquid Scintillators for Free Neutrino Detection

A. R. Ronzio, C. L. Cowan, and F. Reines

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 146 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716123 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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See Also: Erratum

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The criteria by which liquid scintillators have been selected and developed for free neutrino detection experiments are described and a discussion is given of the preparation of the solutions. Triethylbenzene is a superior solvent and cadmium octoate is found to be the best cadmium compound known for these purposes.

Single Path Phase Measuring System for Three‐Centimeter Radio Waves

M. C. Thompson and M. J. Vetter

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 148 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716124 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A practical system is described for making single‐path phase measurements at X‐band over ranges up to about 20 miles with instrumental noise of the order of a fraction of one degree. The techniques for obtaining the necessary transmitter frequency stability of 1:109 are described. The use of such techniques to form a simple microwave repeater system with power gain of the order of 50 db is discussed.

Reversible Chlorine Electrode for the Measurement of Electromotive Force in Molten Salt Cells

Seymour Senderoff and G. W. Mellors

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 151 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716125 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A reversible chlorine electrode which may be used in molten salts up to temperatures of at least 900°C is described. Chlorine gas is forced through a porous graphite cylinder in contact with the solution under study. The electrode was tested in the Ag∣AgCl∣Cl2 (graphite) cell and an exactly linear dependence of emf on temperature was found for the temperature range 530 to 920°C. Excellent agreement with earlier emf measurements at temperatures below 600°C was found and the results indicate that the calculated values based on thermal data at high temperatures are high. Emf values for the cell from 530 to 920°C are given.

Advances in the Standard Proportional Counter Method of Fast Neutron Dosimetry

E. B. Wagner and G. S. Hurst

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 153 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716126 (6 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The proportional counter method for measuring fast neutron dose in the presence of gamma radiation has been considerably improved through (1) redesign of the proportional counter, (2) a study of the behavior of the counter for various filling gases, and (3) development of a more convenient form of the electronics necessary for pulse integration and dose indication. The instrument is suitable for radiobiological research, neutron physics, and shielding research, as well as radiation protection. It will be shown that the response of the instrument is within ±5% of tissue absorbed dose over the energy range of 0.5 Mev to 14 Mev.

Electronic ac Mutual Inductance Bridge for Measuring Small Susceptibilities at Low Temperatures

W. L. Pillinger, P. S. Jastram, and J. G. Daunt

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 159 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716127 (4 pages) | Cited 63 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An electronic ac mutual inductance bridge is described, in which a vacuum tube and a fixed mutual inductance are combined to form an accurately variable mutual inductance. The variation is obtained by means of decade resistors. The primary and secondary self‐impedances are constant, independent of the mutual inductance setting, and can be made substantially lower than is possible with comparable conventional variable mutual inductances. The bridge is designed to be suitable for use in balancing multiturn mutual inductances to permit susceptibilities of samples of 1 cm3 volume to be measured at low temperatures with a precision of ±2×10−7 emu∕cm3. Details are given of the bridge circuit and of a typical multiturn mutual inductance; an outline of some typical susceptibility measurement results is appended.

Carbon Arc Image Furnaces

M. R. Null and W. W. Lozier

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 163 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716128 (8 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Various optical systems are discussed with reference to their use with carbon arc image furnaces. A new optical system which employs two elliptical mirrors is described and shown to have numerous practical advantages. Using modifications of motion picture projection lamps, measurements have been made of carbon arc image furnaces ranging up to more than 26‐kw power input, producing approximately 3000‐watts radiant flux at the image within a circular area of 30 mm diameter, with a center of image irradiance as high as 15 watts per mm2, a flux density equivalent to the radiation from a blackbody at more than 4000°K. Furnaces of lower output and higher efficiency are also described. Comparison with available data indicates carbon arc image furnace performance is essentially equivalent to existing solar furnaces in the 60 to 100‐in. diameter range. Possibilities for further improvement of carbon arc image furnaces are also considered.
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Shock Wave Photography of Large Subjects in Daylight

Harold E. Edgerton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 171 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716129 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Ignition of Kel‐F and Teflon

Lewis Greenspan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 172 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716130 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Novel Circuit for Delivering Known Spark Energies

T. A. Erikson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 173 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716131 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Piezoelectric Detector for Low‐Pressure Shock Waves

Herbert T. Knight

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 174 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716132 (2 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Glow Discharge Trigger for Shock Wave Studies

H. Harrison

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 175 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716133 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Magnetic Sweep Calibration Utilizing Super‐Regenerative Nuclear Resonance Detection

R. L. Collins

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 176 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716134 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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