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Oct 1958

Volume 29, Issue 10, pp. 819-900

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Four‐Sector Azimuthally Varying Field Cyclotron

H. G. Blosser, R. E. Worsham, C. D. Goodman, R. S. Livingston, J. E. Mann, H. M. Moseley, G. T. Trammel, and T. A. Welton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 819 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716014 (16 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An electron model relativistic fixed‐frequency cyclotron of the azimuthally varying field type has been constructed for the purpose of testing the orbit dynamics of such a device. An iterative technique used in designing an acceptable magnetic field shape is described in some detail. A brief description of the various components of the device is given as well as an account of the beam phenomena observed in the initial period of operation. Results strongly indicate the feasibility, from an orbit dynamics standpoint, of large proton machines of this type.

Method of Canceling Energy Fluctuations of a Van de Graaff Ion Beam

P. B. Parks, H. W. Newson, and R. M. Williamson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 834 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716015 (6 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A varying correction voltage is applied to the target which cancels beam energy fluctuations. This correction voltage is a known, constant multiple of a small, variable voltage which must be applied to the outer plate of an electrostatic analyzer to keep the beam centered at the analyzer image slits. The beam current at the analyzer image slits provides the signal which, when amplified by an electronic device called the Homogenizer, drives both the outer analyzer plate and the target. The energy spread is reduced to 250±120 ev and is probably due only to the ion source. If the HH+ beam is put through the analyzer, the unlimited H+ beam also has an energy spread of 250 ev. The 1.76‐Mev C13(p,γ) and 0.992‐Mev Al27(p,γ) resonances were used to test performance. Our data are consistent with Γ(C13) = 75 ev and Γ(Al27) = 100 ev. The upper limit for the C13 width is 150 ev.

Ion Phase Measurements on the Birmingham Cyclotron

M. Konrad

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 840 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716016 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The ion phase in the internal beam of the Birmingham cyclotron at distances from the ion source from 8 mm up to 69 cm has been determined by measurements of the target current waveform. The equipment consisted of a screened target and a specially built oscilloscope based on the sampling technique. The results obtained are discussed and compared with theory.
Ions are grouped in phase at early stages of acceleration over approximately 20 electrical degrees, which is about 5 times larger than predicted by the uniform electric field approximation. At later stages the measured phase changes are in good agreement with Rose's equation.

Analog Approach to the Problem of Making Resolution Corrections

J. H. Aitken and W. R. Dixon

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 845 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716017 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An analog method is described for computing the Gaussian integral transformation which arises in the problem of making resolution corrections. Only apparatus which is readily available has been used. The basic element is a photomultiplier which views light flashes produced on an oscilloscope screen. A multichannel kicksorter is used to analyze, sum, and record pulses. Making a resolution correction is equivalent to inverting the integral transformation. A trial‐and‐error procedure is outlined for doing this.

Explosive Press for Use in Impulsive Loading Studies

Edward W. LaRocca and John Pearson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 848 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716018 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Small explosively activated presses have been used as research tools in the study of the behavior of powdered materials under impulsive loads. Both single‐ and double‐acting presses have provided positive retention of the test specimen. The double‐acting press, which is of a sandwich‐type construction, uses two explosive charges fired simultaneously to drive two opposed pistons together into a central steel cylinder in which the specimen material has been placed. Estimates of the pressures which can be obtained are on the order of several million pounds per square in. By modifying the working faces of the pistons, materials can be formed into specimens of various shapes by the press action. Operation of these presses and their application to the study of several materials are described.

Ion Current Stabilization for a Surface Ionization Mass Spectrometer

B. R. F. Kendall

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 851 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716019 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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It is shown that ion current stabilization for surface ionization mass spectrometers offers many advantages over the conventional methods of regulation which effectively stabilize the sample temperature. A technique is described which allows accurate measurement of very small relative isotopic abundances. A number of problems associated with the design of circuits for emission stabilization of surface ionization sources are considered. A successful stabilizer which maintains the ion current from such a source at a constant value by variation of the source filament temperature is described and the performance when used for the control of potassium positive ion sources is discussed. The stabilizer is capable of reducing ion current drifts, such as those due to exhaustion of the sample, by a factor of 130.

Automatic Measurement of Small Deviations in Periodic Structures

H. T. Closson, W. E. Danielson, and R. J. Nielsen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 855 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716020 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Special optical, mechanical, and electronic techniques have been combined in a new instrument—the microdeviometer—in which a beam of light and two optical gratings are used to obtain a very accurate scale of distance. The location, with respect to this distance scale, of the salient periodic features in the structure being measured is established through the interception of a second light beam by the structure. Electronic circuitry automatically stores and processes the position information and feeds the processed information, in the form of deviations from the corresponding ideal structure, to a pen recorder. A measuring accuracy of ±1 μ has been consistently obtained, and measurements which formerly required nearly 2 man‐days are accomplished in less than 10 min.

Cryostat for Electron Bombardment and Electron Diffraction Work

Erwin M. Hörl and L. Marton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 859 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716021 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A cryostat was constructed for the production of free radicals by electron bombardment of condensed gases at liquid helium and liquid hydrogen temperature. Provisions were made for simultaneous investigations of the bombardment products by electron diffraction and optical spectroscopy.

High‐Speed Framing Disk Camera

C. H. Bagley

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 862 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716022 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A high‐speed framing camera designed to investigate problems requiring a time coverage of from 6 to 20 milliseconds has been developed. Sixty pictures at framing rates up to 15 000 frames a second are possible. Unique to this system are the large image size (⅝×1¼ inches or ⅜×1¼ inches, depending on the framing rate required), and the very short exposure times (0.2 microsecond). The short exposure time has made this instrument useful in a number of applications.

Fabrication Techniques for Ceramic X‐Band Cavity Resonators

M. C. Thompson, Frank E. Freethey, and Donald M. Waters

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 865 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716023 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Techniques are described for constructing cavity resonators at X band from low‐thermal expansion ceramics. A variety of mechanical arrangements is discussed. Q values as high as 14 000 and frequency‐temperature coefficients as low as 1 part in 100 million per °C have been obtained using simple processes.

Differential Pressure Gauge for Use with Liquids and Corrosive Fluids

H. E. Flotow, B. M. Abraham, and R. D. Carlson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 869 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716024 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A sensitive, rugged pressure gauge is described that was developed to determine the density (composition) and the viscous pressure loss in flowing streams of UO2‐NaK slurries. The differential pressure sensors are two metal bellows that are rigidly connected in opposition, the net displacement of which is detected by a linear variable differential transformer. The sensitivity of the unit is 0.05 mm Hg pressure and the range is 100 mm Hg with an accuracy of ±0.4%. By simply inserting various calibrated springs in the instrument it is possible to increase or decrease the range and maintain the sensitivity at 0.05% of the range.

Theoretical Analysis of Ultrahigh Vacuum Condensers

William R. Mickelsen and J. Howard Childs

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 871 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716025 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The analysis considers the condensation of high‐velocity molecular beams on condenser surfaces having very low temperatures. The condenser surface area and volume necessary to maintain a given vacuum are derived theoretically from a highly idealized model.

30‐Inch Propane Bubble Chamber

Wilson M. Powell, William B. Fowler, and Larry O. Oswald

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 874 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716026 (6 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A propane bubble chamber with a sensitive volume of 30☒ in. by 21☒ in. by 6☒ in. deep operating in a magnetic field of 14 000 gauss is described. Operating parameters and some engineering details are given. The part of the chamber containing the propane is hydrostatically supported in oil through which the chamber is photographed. This permits the use of small glass windows with a large safety factor.

Magnetic Spectrometer for 450‐Mev Protons

A. V. Crewe

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 880 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716027 (5 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A 60° wedge‐focusing magnetic spectrometer has been built for use with the 450‐Mev proton beam of the Chicago synchrocyclotron. It has curved pole edges to produce good focusing in one plane only. The minimum line width obtainable is ∼¼% with an available solid angle of ∼1∕2000 sterad. The deflection is vertical, and angular distributions can be measured from 7° to 173° without allowing the primary beam to strike the magnet yoke.

Combined Magnetic Spectrograph and Spectrometer

Harald A. Enge

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 885 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716028 (4 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A combination instrument is proposed in which a broad‐range magnetic spectrograph can be operated as such or in connection with a magnetic quadrupole lens to form a high‐intensity spectrometer. A solid angle of approximately 10−2 steradian can be attained with this spectrometer without use of very large magnet gaps.

Phase Shift Method of Carrier Lifetime Measurements in Semiconductors

E. Harnik, A. Many, and N. B. Grover

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 889 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716029 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A direct reading instrument for lifetime measurements in semiconductors is described. It is based on the phase shift that exists between a sinusoidal modulation of carrier injection and the corresponding modulation of specimen conductance. Carrier injection is effected optically, a Kerr cell being used to modulate the intensity of the injecting light. The phase shift is determined by means of a compensating RC circuit which allows a direct reading of lifetime. The actual measurement is reduced to the setting of a variable resistor in such a way that an ellipse observed on the screen of a CRO degenerates into a straight line. The performance of the instrument is discussed for the case of a thin, rectangular filament illuminated on one of its large faces either homogeneously or in a narrow band.
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Symmetrical Raster Generator for Detonation Velocity Measurement in Explosives

Paul A. Kendall and Adolph B. Amster

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 892 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716030 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Cement for Scintillators

Robert J. Omohundro

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 893 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716031 (1 page) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Precision Liquid Nitrogen Trap Level Controller

George F. Wells

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 893 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716032 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Positive‐Feed Fluid Pump with Variable Flow Rate

Graeme P. Welch

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 895 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716033 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

High‐Pressure Gas‐to‐Liquid Transducer

Don O. Coffin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 896 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716034 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Microwave Manometer

Arnold G. Kramer and Philip M. Platzman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 897 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716035 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Mechanical Shutter for a Cyclotron Beam

Kenneth D. Jenkins and William Barclay Jones

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 898 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716036 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Sensitive Photo‐Pen Recorder

F. H. Plankeel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 899 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716037 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Germanium Target X‐Ray Tube

W. L. Bond

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 899 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716038 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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