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Dec 1958

Volume 29, Issue 12, pp. 1073-1154

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Pressure Gauge for Corrosive Gases in the Micron and Submicron Region

J. R. Anderson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1073 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716080 (6 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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For use with corrosive gases in the range 10−2 to 10−5 mm Hg, a gauge is described in which the pressure is indicated by the rate of damping of a hinged silica fiber pendulum, the amplitude of which is measured photo‐electrically. The gauge exposes only glass and silica to the gas, may be baked to 450°C, and gives an accuracy of pressure measurement of better than 5%.

Radiation Attenuation Method of Measuring Density of a Two‐Phase Fluid

Michael Petrick and Bernet S. Swanson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1079 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716081 (7 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A gamma‐ray attenuation technique is presented for measuring density and phase distribution in a two‐phase fluid. A comparison is made between a ``one‐shot'' and traverse method. The technique was evaluated on Lucite mock‐ups of simulated flow patterns encountered in two‐phase flow and by a series of tests on an air‐water system at atmospheric pressure.

Capillary Viscometer for High‐Temperature Measurements of Polymer Solutions

Gordon D. Patterson and Louis H. Rabouin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1086 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716082 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An all‐glass capillary viscometer is described which permits dissolving polymers at high temperatures, filtering, and measuring the solvent and solution efflux flow times without removal from a vapor bath. The advantages include safe handling of liquids at high temperatures without the precipitation or oxidative‐degradation difficulties normally encountered in other methods of measuring polymer solution viscosities at elevated temperatures.

Mass Spectrometer Ion Source for Solid Samples

B. R. F. Kendall

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1089 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716083 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A single‐filament positive ion source for solid samples is described. The source is simple and compact. Heat dissipation is low. Isotopic fractionation effects are very much smaller than is the case with conventional single‐filament surface ionization sources. The main ionization process occurring in the source is considered to be the surface ionization of the sample vapor on the tungsten filament. The sample vapor is maintained at a comparatively high pressure inside the source assembly. Investigations are described which indicate that other possible emission processes do not contribute any significant proportion of the emitted ion beam. Variations in the measured relative isotopic abundance ratio K39∕K41 during a run to exhaustion of the sample are discussed. There is no significant ratio trend with time and the random fluctuations of the measured ratio are such that more than half of the values are within 0.2% of their mean. The mean values can be repeated with a probable error which is less than about 0.3%.

Compact Microwave Refractometer for Use in Small Aircraft

M. C. Thompson and M. J. Vetter

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1093 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716084 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A microwave refractometer has been developed for use in a Type L‐20 ``Beaver'' single‐engine light aircraft. A two‐channel recording system is used providing simultaneous profile and turbulence records with rms noise levels of approximately 0.05 and 0.01 N unit, respectively. Power requirement is 25 amperes at 28 volts dc, and installation requires one‐half hour for two men. No structural modification of the aircraft is required. The results of flight tests are presented.

Dose‐Rate Dependent Dosimeter for Low‐Intensity Gamma‐Ray Fields

Keran O'Brien, Leonard R. Solon, and Wayne M. Lowder

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1097 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716085 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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It has been suggested that a NaI(Tl) phosphor be used to amplify densities enough to make a film dosimeter practicable for the low gamma‐ray dose rates produced by background radiation. This use is complicated by the dependence of film density on dose rate as well as dose. An analysis of the process provides a correction for the doserate dependence when the dose rate is constant. The magnitude of the error involved in assuming the dose‐rate constant when it is a function of time is evaluated.

He3 Recirculation and Purification System for a Cyclotron Ion Source

H. E. Wegner and W. S. Hall

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1100 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716086 (4 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A He3 circulation system for a cyclotron has been built which will recover the gas and purify it continuously. This is accomplished by modifying a mechanical vacuum pump to meet the following special requirements: intake and exhaust sealed for both pressure and vacuum; small volume on the exhaust side; minimum oil volume. This pump, which is used instead of the cyclotron forevac pump during He3 operation, recovers the gas and forces it through a liquid nitrogen‐cooled charcoal trap and on to the ion source. The system is completely interlocked to ensure He3 safety in the event of operator or electrical failure. With a flow rate of 6 cc per minute, the normal He3 loss over a period of 200 hours operation was less than 3 cc per hour after an initial charge of 1000 cc NTP. With trap reactivation periods of 50 hours, no change in ion yield was observed. External beams of approximately 100 μa of doubly charged particles were obtained.

Efficient Low‐Level Counting System for C11

J. B. Cumming and R. Hoffmann

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1104 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716087 (4 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A low‐level counting system used in absolute measurements of the C12(p,pn)C11 cross section is described. In this system small activities of C11 produced in polystyrene‐based plastic scintillators by irradiation with high‐energy protons are detected with high efficiency by 4π scintillation counting. Background reduction is achieved by counting in a shield consisting of 12 in. of iron and 1 in. of mercury and by the use of a ring of Geiger counters in anti‐coincidence with the scintillation counter. A background of 8 counts per min was obtained for a 1.5‐in. diam, 1‐in. thick scintillator in which the over‐all detection efficiency for C11 is 90%. Determination of the counting efficiency by a positron‐annihilation coincidence method is described and the results of experiments to reduce the background still further are reported. Application of this system to monitoring fluxes of energetic protons and neutrons is discussed.

Improved Measuring Apparatus for X‐Ray Absorption Spectrometry

H. P. Hanson, W. E. Flynt, and J. E. Dowdey

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1107 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716088 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Two techniques for simplifying data taking and for eliminating the requirement of a carefully stabilized x‐ray power supply in x‐ray absorption spectrometry have been developed. Method I oscillates the sample in and out of the beam with a period that is small compared to drift and the usual x‐ray tube instabilities. The corresponding I and I0 are channeled to two ratemeters, and by analog techniques a quantity proportional to the absorption coefficient is electronically calculated and plotted. In method II, two counters are arranged in tandem with the sample between, yielding I and I0 simultaneously. The proper apportionment of counts in both arrangements is considered.

Cyclotron Beam Intensity Measurements

Saadia Amiel and Norbert T. Porile

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1112 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716089 (4 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A Faraday cup and target assembly for the determination of cross sections for nuclear reactions induced by charged particles from a 60‐in. cyclotron is described. Independent checks and calibrations on the performance of the assembly were carried out. The conditions affecting the operation of this assembly are discussed. Cross sections for two standard alpha‐induced reactions are given.

Control Device for an Automatic High‐Pressure Sorption Balance

Peter Cannon

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1115 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716090 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A novel photoresistive cell has been developed which will sense the position of a beam of light. This cell has been used in a servo network to null the arm of an electromagnetic sorption balance. The balance was enclosed in a metal high‐pressure shell and was not observable in any conventional way. Details of the construction of the cell are given.

Completely Nonmagnetic Alloy for Instrumentation in Magnetic Fields

Emerson W. Pugh

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1118 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716091 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A high‐purity copper‐nickel alloy is described which has zero magnetic moment at room temperature and less than a tenth the moment of pure copper at all temperatures down to 2°K. The alloy has been used with considerable advantage in sample holders for magnetic force measurements, and other uses are anticipated. A method of preparing the alloy is discussed which requires limited metallurgical equipment.

Low‐Level dc Amplifier with Whole‐Loop Feedback

P. C. Hoell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1120 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716092 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The chopper amplifier described herein, using a 60‐cps vibrating‐contact modulator and whole‐loop negative feedback, has a stabilized gain of 107 from dc to 10 cps. After the input circuits have reached thermal equilibrium, the zero drift is less than ±10−9 v per hour and less than 2×10−9 v per day.

Microscope Attachment for Accurate Microdrilling and the Removal of Analytical Samples from Small Areas

A. C. Simon and D. A. Gildner

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1125 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716093 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An air‐driven microdrilling apparatus is described which can use drills as small as 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) in diameter. This machine is interchangeable with the usual metallurgical microscope objective and can be adjusted to coincide with the optical axis. An area centered under the cross hair of the ocular can be accurately drilled by replacing the objective with the drilling attachment.

Rapid‐Quenching Hot Stage for Metallography

G. R. Speich and Morris Cohen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1129 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716094 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A microscope hot stage designed for use at temperatures up to 1100°C and for rapid quenching rates up to 500°C∕sec is described. The stage is especially suited for the study of reactions in steels where it is often necessary to quench quickly from the austenitizing temperature to some lower transformation temperature. The sample is protected from oxidation by vacuum or an inert atmosphere.

Use of Polystyrene as an X‐Ray Absorber—The Mass Absorption Coefficient of Carbon

Boris W. Batterman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1132 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716095 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The advantages of using polystyrene as an x‐ray absorber are pointed out. The measured linear absorption coefficient for both commercial rod and high‐purity molded sheet was found to be 4.165±0.008 cm−1 for CuKα radiation. The mass absorption coefficient of carbon (μl∕ρ) is 4.301±0.009 cm2∕g. This value is compared to other published results.

Pulse Amplifier with Submillimicrosecond Rise Time

Fred Sterzer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1133 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716096 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A pulse amplifier having a rise time of approximately 0.7 millimicrosecond is described. In the amplifier the dc input pulses to be amplified modulate a 2750 megacycle carrier, producing pulses at the carrier frequency. The resulting rf pulses are amplified by a traveling‐wave tube, and then demodulated to give amplified dc pulses. The amplifier works into a 120‐ohm load and has a maximum power gain of 20 db; the maximum output voltage is 2.1 volts.

Automatic Recording Vacuum Microbalance

C. Norman Cochran

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1135 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716097 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An automatic control and recording system for the null‐type vacuum microbalance of Czanderna and Honig [Anal. Chem 29, 1206 (1957)] has been assembled from commercial components. A variable permeance transducer is employed to detect beam movement and to control a force to restore the beam to the null position. This force is recorded in a selection of ranges extending from 0–20 000 μg to 0–5 μg with accuracies ranging from 0.1% to 2% of full scale. On the most sensitive settings the balance can detect weight changes as small as 0.01 μg in loads up to 1 g. Stabilities of 0.1 μg have been observed for periods of many hours on the most sensitive ranges. The balance is undamped, and no corrections are made to the restoring force if beam oscillation is centered about the null point.

Mercury‐Vapor Proportional Counters

C. W. McCutchen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1139 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716098 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A mercury‐vapor filled proportional counter is described. Its behavior as a γ counter is investigated. The resolution is fair (7.5% energy spread at 60 kev); however, the various mercury x‐ray fluorescence yields and absorption cross sections combine to make the output spectrum of the counter complex and difficult to interpret. It is found that the output pulses are slow, rising in about 30 μsec, though this can be reduced to about 8 μsec by addition of CO2 to the filling.
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Small Oven for High‐Temperature Optical Measurements

D. A. Patterson and H. S. Goulart

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1141 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716099 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Detection of Fractional‐Mev Neutrons in Plastic Scintillator

D. Kraus, K. Lande, E. Leboy, and W. Selove

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1142 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716100 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

On‐Off Temperature Control for Electrically Heated Filaments

Roger E. Little and J. D. McKinley

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1143 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716101 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Syringe‐Type Single‐Crystal Furnace for Materials Containing a Volatile Constituent

P. L. Moody and C. Kolm

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1144 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716102 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Pyrex Demountable Photomultiplier Refrigerator

Charles J. Bronco, Robert M. St. John, and R. G. Fowler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1145 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716103 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Improved Four‐Pi Proportional Gas Flow Counter

Troy C. Martin and O. E. Green

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 1147 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716104 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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