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Aug 1954

Volume 25, Issue 8, pp. 727-841

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Automatic Pole Figure Recorder

A. H. Geisler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 727 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771165 (6 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A device has been developed for the direct recording in stereographic projections of pole figure data as they are supplied from a Geiger counter x‐ray diffraction apparatus. The specimen is rotated systematically in a suitable goniometer about two axes in synchronism with movements of the chart and printer on the recorder. When the diffracted intensity attains any one of seven preset levels, the printer impresses a point of corresponding color on the chart. The point is printed at the location that has the stereographic co‐ordinates of the pole of the diffracting volume. After all possible orientations of the specimen have been explored, an array of colored points will have been obtained on the chart. When contour lines are sketched through points of like color, the usual pole figure with iso‐intensity lines is obtained.

A Breakdown Cell for Measuring the Dielectric Strength of Solids at 100 Megacycles

L. J. Frisco and J. J. Chapman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 733 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771166 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A liquid‐filled cell for measuring the dielectric strength of solids at 100 megacycles is described. The cell consists of a high‐voltage resonant circuit and a built‐in voltage measurement probe. The calibration of the voltage measurement network is fully discussed.

Alternating Gradient Focusing of Cyclotron External Beam

Edward L. Hubbard and Elmer L. Kelly

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 737 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771168 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The ¾‐Mev external proton beam from the 20‐inch cyclotron appeared to diverge horizontally from one point and vertically from another point. With a series of three alternately converging and diverging electro‐static lens elements of hyperbolic cross section, it was possible either to focus the external beam to a point or to make it parallel.

An Extensometer for Polymeric Materials

A. G. H. Dietz and F. J. McGarry

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 740 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771169 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A simple, potentiometer‐type tensile strain indicator for testing polymers is described in detail. Presenting information which lends itself to automatic recording, the extensometer will detect true, or logarithmic, strains from 0.01 to 200 percent, at rates from 0.10 to 1000 percent per minute. In conjunction with other apparatus it can also be used to control the strain rate of the test. Direct calibration under test conditions removes the necessity for temperature compensation. Variables in the design permit considerable flexibility in the desired performance characteristics of the instrument.

Scintillation Spectrometers for Measuring the Total Energy of X‐Ray Photons

R. S. Foote and H. W. Koch

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 746 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771170 (13 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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X‐ray spectrometers are described that operate on the principle of totally absorbing the energy of an individual x‐ray photon in a scintillator. Experiments with scintillators of xylene containing terphenyl, and of sodium iodide activated by thallium, show that detection efficiencies better than 80 percent and energy resolutions better than 10 percent are attainable in the x‐ray energy range from ☒ to 50 Mev. Monte Carlo calculations and crude scaling laws that simplify extrapolations to other size scintillators are discussed.

A High‐Temperature Microwave Spectrometer

M. L. Stitch, A. Honig, and C. H. Townes

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 759 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771171 (6 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A spectrometer for measurement of microwave absorption by gases at temperatures as high as 1000°C is described. Microwaves pass through a 5‐ft nickel absorption cell. Absorption lines are modulated by Stark effect to give sensitive detection. The spectrometer has been used to study spectral lines of some alkali halides and several other high boiling point diatomic molecules between 300°C and 775°C.

A Curve Analyzer and General Purpose Graphical Computer

C. S. French, George H. Towner, Donald R. Bellis, Richard M. Cook, William R. Fair, and Walter W. Holt

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 765 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771172 (11 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A graphical computer based upon five automatic curve followers, two integrators, nine adding amplifiers, and a pen recorder was built for the transformation and combination of curves and for a simple analog computer to plot curves from equations. Heavily inked curves on 14‐in. × 17‐in. moving tables are tracked by photoelectric followers which continuously set potentiometers so that their output voltage is proportional to the curve height. The tables are positioned by voltages so that they may be made to move at a constant rate or may be individually controlled by some variable voltage. The follower output voltages may be transformed in various ways or combined algebraically with each other and used directly or indirectly through amplifiers to drive a recorder, a table, or an integrator. By this means curves may be changed in scale (linearly or nonlinearly) on either axis. Curves may be added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, or otherwise combined or operated upon in accordance with simple equations, and the result plotted in about a minute with an accuracy under favorable conditions of about ±0.02 in. Complex curves can be analyzed by fitting with algebraic combinations of simpler curves. The apparatus may be used to fit integral or differential equations to experimental data by trial adjustment of the constants. A low ac voltage increasing linearly with time represents the independent variable; the form of the equation is determined by the way in which the various units are connected and the values of constants are set by potentiometers.

Apparatus for Microwave Spectroscopy

M. W. P. Strandberg, H. R. Johnson, and J. R. Eshbach

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 776 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771173 (17 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Design considerations are presented for a video microwave spectrograph using Stark modulation and a crystal or bolometer detector. Crystal and source noise is explicitly included in the treatment. A detailed description of some of the equipment in use in our laboratory is given. Some of the advantages and dis‐advantages of other systems are mentioned.

Two Types of Regulators and the Precision Control of Helium Bath Temperature

H. S. Sommers

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 793 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771174 (6 pages) | Cited 53 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A pneumatic and an electronic regulator for helium bath temperature are described. The pneumatic regulator, an automatic pressure regulating valve with large throughput, gives a simple controller suitable for regulation to a millidegree for temperatures above 1.4°K. The electronic control uses a carbon resistor for the thermometer and a heater inside the bath for the control element. Its regulation is an order of magnitude better, and it is usable at all achievable temperatures. Its theoretical analysis, circuit diagram, construction and operating details, and performance are described. Included are some general remarks and results concerning temperature regulation in He‐I and at the lambda point.

Improved Needle Thermocouple for Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Temperature Measurements in Animals and Man

John Krog

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 799 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771175 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A method is described for the construction of thermocouples inside of a No. 25 hypodermic needle yet still strong enough to withstand hard use in the field. Utilization of the couples in subcutaneous temperature measurements in man and animals outdoors for approximately three years has demonstrated satisfactory operation under weather conditions varying from rain to arctic temperatures of −50°C.

A Rapid and Sensitive Recording Spectrophotometer for the Visible and Ultraviolet Region. I. Description and Performance

Chia‐Chih Yang and Victor Legallais

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 801 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771176 (7 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A double‐beam recording spectrophotometer has been developed for rapidly obtaining spectra of labile intermediates in biochemical reactions. Light from a monochromator is split into two beams by a chopping mirror and then the ratio of light intensities in two optical paths is measured. This ratio is expressed as percent absorption or converted electronically into units of optical density. Results are recorded on a linear wavelength scale at a maximum rate of 6 mμ per second. A servo system corrects the nonlinearity of the wavelength scale of the quartz monochromator. The noise level corresponds to a change of optical density of 10−4 at 400 mμ with a spectral interval of 3 mμ. The over‐all accuracy on standard solutions (National Bureau of Standards) is about 2 percent. The air‐against‐air zero absorption line varies only 0.004 in optical density from 210 to 650 mμ.

A Rapid and Sensitive Recording Spectrophotometer for the Visible and Ultraviolet Region. II. Electronic Circuits

Chia‐Chih Yang

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 807 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771177 (7 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The electronic photometer of a recording spectrophotometer is described in detail. Sources of error of the circuit and experimental measurements of the inherent noise of the system are discussed. A segmented diode circuit is described for converting data in absorption to units of optical density with an accuracy of better than 1 percent. The electronic circuit of the servo system to correct the nonlinearity of the wavelength scale is also described.

International Instrument Congress and Exposition

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 814 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771178 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A New Circuit for Dynamic Braking of AC Motors

G. H. Dawson and H. F. Ott

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 828 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771179 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Measurement of (p,γ) Coincidences Employing Time of Flight

W. T. Joyner and H. W. Lewis

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 828 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771180 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Improved Method for Standardizing High Voltage for Scintillation Detectors

P. W. Reinhardt and F. J. Davis

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 829 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771181 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Instability in Methylal Quenched X‐Ray Detectors

S. Fine and C. F. Hendee

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 830 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771182 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Simple Safety Device for Hg Diffusion Pumps

W. Spindel and E. H. McLaren

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 830 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771183 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A Single Mounting for All Three Axes

Warner E. Love and D. Sayre

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 830 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771184 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Note on the Loading of Photographic Emulsions with Wires

A. H. Morrish

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 831 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771185 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Mechanical Properties of Teflon at Low Temperatures

C. A. Swenson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 834 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771186 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A Readily Cleaned Infrared Absorption Cell

J. Carol and A. G. Sterling

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 835 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771187 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A Simple Universal Vacuum Joint

Eric Brannen and H. I. S. Ferguson

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 836 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771188 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

High‐Speed Stroboscope for Accelerometer Calibration

Peter G. Sulzer, Ernest R. Smith, and Seymour Edelman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 837 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771189 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Simple Controller for a Platinum Furnace

Myron B. Reynolds

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 838 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1771190 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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See Also: Erratum

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