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Oct 1954

Volume 25, Issue 10, pp. 949-1040

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New Method of Determining Ultrasonic Wavelength in Liquid

Nobuyoshi Yamamoto

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 949 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770924 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A method for the rapid measurement of the velocity of sound in liquids is described. An ultrasonic grating is established in the liquid under investigation. Light from a narrow slit is diffracted in passing through the liquid. It is shown that the wavelength of the sound can be measured by widening the slit until one order of the diffraction spectrum connects with the next. Results of measurements on several liquids are compared with those of other investigators.

Equipotential Plotting Table

E. B. Dahlin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 951 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770925 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The author has constructed an equipotential plotting equipment of the same principle as used by Murray and Hollway [J. Appl. Phys. 24, 110 (1953)]. The electrolytic field of an ordinary paper with electrodes painted upon it with graphite dispersion is mapped with a probe. The electrodes are fed with dc of 1000 volts. Due to the high resistivity of the paper (about 104 megohms∕sq), polarization is of no importance. The position of a desired equipotential line can be found easily with an accuracy of 0.1 mm at an interelectrode space of about 300 mm.
The papers used have proved to have some undesirable qualities that decrease the accuracy unless special precautions are made. The most important errors are the variations of the paper thickness across the surface and the nonisotropic conductivity of some kinds of paper. When measuring currents (the analog for flux) it was necessary to avoid errors caused by the great change of conductivity of the paper at different atmospheric humidity. Normal variations of the humidity proved to change the conductivity by a factor of four.

A Mass Indicator Using a Vibrating Coil Magnetometer

V. J. Caldecourt and S. E. Adler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 953 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770926 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A vibrating coil magnetometer has been developed which provides precise and continuous indication of the strength of a magnetic field. The device is used on a sector mass spectrometer to obtain both visual mass indication and spectra calibration in the mass range of 2–400.

A Simple High‐Temperature Microwave Spectrograph

P. A. Tate and M. W. P. Strandberg

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 956 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770927 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A microwave absorption cell of simple construction has been designed to work in the temperature range of 600°C to 1000°C. The cell consists of a piece of stainless steel wave guide equipped with a Stark septum and enclosed in a Vycor envelope. The furnace and temperature control equipment used with the cell are described. Electronic detection equipment is similar to that used with other Stark‐modulation microwave spectrographs.

Thin‐Wire Thermometer for Radiosondes

Jean Piccard, Harold Larsen, and John Blomstrand

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 959 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770928 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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It is shown that the thinner the thermometer element of a sounding balloon, the smaller the errors due to radiations from the sun and the earth. Such a thin wire thermometer made from white gold wire as described herein, was delivered March 20, 1941, to the U. S. Weather Bureau. The instrument sends off its findings by radio signals in Morse code. A very efficient vibration absorber for the instrument is described.

Apparatus for X‐Ray Diffraction Studies of Metals under Controlled Stress at Elevated Temperature

L. S. Birks

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 963 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770929 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A Geiger‐counter x‐ray spectrometer was constructed for the dynamic study of phase changes and other phenomena in metals under controlled stress conditions at elevated temperatures. Temperature could be controlled from room temperature to the melting point of steel, and stress was independently varied from zero stress to the breaking stress of stainless steel. Applications included isothermal and athermal transformation studies under tensile stress in pearlite, bainite, and martensite.

New Design of a Vacuum Jacket Precision Combustion Calorimeter

P. B. Aitken, Helen L. Boxall, and L. G. Cook

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 967 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770930 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A vacuum jacket precision combustion calorimeter has been designed, built, and operated. It is rugged, reliable, and easy to disassemble and assemble. The heat leakage is lower by a factor of six than in the air gap types which have been standard since 1915. The calorimeter appears to be capable of giving individual results which deviate not more than 1.5 parts in 10 000 from the mean.

Photoelectric Comparator for Measuring Oscillograms

H. Bruce Phillips

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 971 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770931 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A device for measuring photographic oscillogram coordinates is described. By means of a photoelectric balancing technique the instrument allows the locating of the ``middle'' of a photographic line with an error of the order of a few microns. The ``middle'' of a line is defined by the instrument as being the point of equal transmission, which is the location on the line at which there are equal amounts of light transmitted on each side. Since the photoelectric comparator is a null device, nervous strain on the operator is greatly reduced.

Relay Time‐Division Multiplier

Granino A. Korn and Theresa M. Korn

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 977 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770932 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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This paper describes the theory and design of a new low‐cost analog multiplier suitable for use with the dc analog computers now widely applied as differential analyzers and equation solvers. The new multiplier comprises a simple relay circuit utilizing the time‐division principle. The multiplier accepts input voltages of both signs and is capable of multiplication to within an accuracy of 3.5 percent of full scale at zero frequency and 7 percent of full scale through the frequency range between 0 and 10 cycles per second. Greater accuracy is possible through sacrifices in the useful frequency range. The dynamic range of input and output voltages is −80 volt to +80 volts. The multiplier circuit proper contains no vacuum tubes, servomechanisms, or power supplies but utilizes one of the operational amplifiers of the dc analog computer with which it is used.

An Integrating and Differentiating Bar‐Magnet Velocity Meter for Use in Ballistocardiography

Thomas A. Perls and Charles W. Kissinger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 983 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770933 (6 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An integrating and differentiating bar‐magnet velocity meter is described. Design criteria are presented for integrators and differentiators to meet given specifications of frequency response. In the design of the differentiator, use is made of a small amount of resonance magnification in a suitably damped series‐resonant circuit. Test procedures are described for determinations of frequency response, sensitivity, and linear range of the instrument. Examples are given of sensitivity adjustment and installation procedures for use of this instrument in ballistocardiography. A ``60 cps hum compensator'' is used to cancel out any objectionable 60‐cycle pickup from the power line.

Operating Characteristics of a High Yield Rf Ion Source

Harold P. Eubank, Russell A. Peck, and Rohn Truell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 989 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770935 (7 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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An rf ion source has been constructed, which yields up to 15 ma of hydrogen ion current consisting of 80–90 percent protons. The ion current yield has been studied as a function of rf power and frequency, gas pressure, and dc (extracting) voltage. These relationships are correlated with internal phenomena of the gas discharge and of ion extraction therefrom.

Diffusion Cloud Chambers for Cosmotron Experiments

W. B. Fowler, R. P. Shutt, A. M. Thorndike, and W. L. Whittemore

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 996 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770936 (8 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Two diffusion cloud chambers operating with H2 or He at pressures up to 300 lb∕in.2 have been built primarily for use at the cosmotron. One is a 16‐in. diameter chamber operated in a 10 500 gauss field. The other chamber has an effective length of 6 ft, width of 11 in., and no magnetic field. Photographs obtained with the long chamber are scanned in a special projector, which foreshortens beam tracks so that up to 75 percent of scanning time per event is saved. Beams of protons, neutrons, and mesons suitable for experiments with these chambers have been obtained. A considerable number of nuclear interactions of beam particles in the cloud chamber gas have been observed. Angles, densities, and momenta of secondary particles have been measured with acceptable accuracy. Consequently these cloud chambers provide a useful tool for the study of high‐energy nuclear interactions.

A Forward Angle Light Scattering Camera for Determining Size Distribution in Aerosols

Pui‐Kum Lee and Victor K. La Mer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1004 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770898 (7 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The light scattered in the near forward direction from individual dioctyl phthalate (DOP) droplets flowing in a thin stream of known thickness and illuminated by a high intensity electronic flash tube is recorded photographically for the determination of number concentration and size‐frequency distribution. The photos are taken slightly off‐focus so that the pin‐point images at focus are expanded into diffraction patterns. The optical density of each pattern is used as a measure of its droplet size.
The correlation between optical density and droplet size was determined with a series of aerosol preparations of known size and of size distribution characterized by a standard deviation which is about 10 percent of the mean. This correlation permits the translation of the measured frequency curve for optical density into a size‐frequency distribution. The method has been checked by determining the size‐frequency distribution of synthetic mixtures of known size. The reliable range of measurement extends from 0.12 to 0.50 μ radius.

Cyclotron Techniques for Radiation Damage Studies

H. P. Yockey, A. Andrew, F. L. Fillmore, L. E. Glasgow, C. D'A Hunt, and J. H. Pepper

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1011 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770899 (9 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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This report describes the methods and equipment developed for the irradiation of materials under controlled conditions on the 60‐inch Berkeley cyclotron. Descriptions are given of the components of equipment for use in the temperature range from −195°C to 2000°C. These include target boxes which accurately locate the specimens to be irradiated in the cyclotron beam, a cold helium circulating system which is used to cool targets to about −195°C, and a servo temperature controller which automatically regulates the temperature of targets. Typical targets are described along with the conditions of irradiation. The method of determining the spatial distribution of the irradiation intensity is also given.
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Apparatus for Measuring Relative Blood Viscosity

Roy L. Swank and John G. Roth

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1020 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770901 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A method for measuring blood viscosity which can be applied to small quantities of blood containing no anticoagulant, and which can be repeated at several minute intervals is described. The method utilized an old principle of measuring time of flow of a fixed quantity of blood (0.1 ml) through a fixed capillary tube (hypodermic needle with a bore approximating 0.3 mm), using a fixed negative pressure of 100 mm of mercury. The needle and pipette which come into contact with the blood are maintained at a temperature of 37°C±0.5°C. The blood is drawn into a 2‐ml siliconed syringe through a size 20 siliconed intravenous needle. The calibrated capillary tube is then inserted through the tip of the syringe and negative pressure applied. The time of flow is measured with a stop clock to 0.1 second. Duplicate measurements on the same sample of blood can be made in less than 30 seconds. A high vacuum pump is included with the apparatus to clean and dry the needles and calibrated pipette immediately after each measurement. The relative viscosity of the blood is then computed by dividing the time for flow of 0.1 ml of blood by the time for flow of water at the same temperatures.
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Production of Oscillations in Halogen‐Quenched G. M. Counters

D. H. Le Croissette

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1023 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770902 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Preparation of Emulsion Chambers Suitable for Quick Tracing of All Tracks

Jay Orear

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1023 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770903 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Mixing Preamplifier

F. J. Davis and P. W. Reinhardt

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1024 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770904 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Note on the Escape Peak Correction for NaI(Tl) Crystals

W. E. Meyerhof and H. I. West

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1025 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770905 (1 page) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Gamma‐Ray Pair Spectroscopy with Intermediate‐Image Focusing

D. E. Alburger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1025 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770906 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Orbital Periods in the Microtron

H. F. Kaiser

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1025 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770907 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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The Preparation of Thin Targets of Carbon and Oxygen

H. D. Holmgren, J. M. Blair, K. F. Famularo, T. F. Stratton, and R. V. Stuart

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1026 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770908 (2 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A Compact High‐Vacuum Valve

A. E. Cameron

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1027 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770909 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Scintillation Counting of Low‐Energy Photons and its Use in X‐Ray Diffraction

J. C. M. Brentano and I. Ladany

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1028 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770910 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

The Use of a Nonlubricated Carbon Ring Compressor on the Collins Helium Liquefier

C. J. Grebenkemper

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25, 1029 (1954); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1770911 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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