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Dec 1952

Volume 23, Issue 12, pp. 661-800

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The IMFL Anemoclinometer—An Instrument for the Investigation of a Fluctuating Velocity Vector

A. Martinot‐Lagarde, A. Fauquet, and F. N. Frenkiel

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 661 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746134 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The IMFL anemoclinometer is an instrument measuring the magnitude and direction of a fluctuating fluid velocity. As a result of a measurement, three pressure differences are obtained from which the vector velocity is found. Contrary to some similar instruments, the anemoclinometer is not moved during a test and can, therefore, be easily used to obtain recordings.
Three variants of the IMFL anemoclinometer are described and their application to experimental measurements is discussed.

Analog Computers for Coordinate Transformation

Norman L. Fritz

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 667 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746135 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Problems in multicomponent analysis frequently require repetitive solutions of a set of simultaneous equations in which the coefficient terms do not change. In these cases it is advantageous to obtain a general solution from which the specific solutions may be obtained readily with simple instruments. An instrument is described which will solve a three‐equation set as rapidly as an operator can set the values on the input dials and will simultaneously present the three answers with an accuracy of better than 0.2 percent of maximum value. A method is presented for calculating the accuracy of computation for use in the design of instruments of this type.

Pair Measurement of Gamma‐Rays with a Lens Spectrometer

David E. Alburger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 671 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746136 (7 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A conventional lens spectrometer has been adapted to the measurement of high energy gamma‐rays by detecting positron‐electron pairs in coincidence. The source and converter are centered on the optic axis and the baffle system selects pairs of nearly equal energy. The detection method consists of dividing the focal circle of confusion in half and observing coincidences between particles entering these two regions. Statistically the components strike different areas in half the cases. The detectors are semicircular anthracene crystals connected by light pipes to 1P21 photomultiplier tubes. Pulses from these are fed through amplifiers to a coincidence circuit of 7×10−8 sec resolving time. The method has been tested by observing ``pair peaks'' due to the 2.76‐ and 2.62‐Mev gamma‐rays of Na24 and ThC″, respectively. The Po☒Be reaction gamma‐ray has been measured at 7.5 percent resolution and found to have an energy of 4.47±0.04 Mev. Using a proton beam from the Brookhaven electrostatic accelerator gamma‐rays of 6.19±0.08 Mev and 7.13±0.12 Mev occurring in the F19(p,α)O16 reaction have been observed with this apparatus. The results on both Po☒Be and the fluorine reaction are in agreement with previous measurements by other methods.

A Neutron Detection System for Use with Pulsed Accelerators

J. Halpern, A. K. Mann, and R. Nathans

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 678 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746137 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Description is given of a neutron detection system which utilizes the time necessary for slow neutrons to diffuse in a moderating medium for turning on a counter between pulses of an accelerator. The apparatus has a detection efficiency of 0.5 percent over a wide range of neutron energies. The arrangement of apparatus, circuitry details, and performance characteristics are described.

A Servomechanism for the Elimination of Time Lag

Richard L. Garwin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 681 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746138 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A servomechanism is developed to eliminate the time constant caused by thermal capacity and resistance in the measurement of power to a cyclotron target by thermocouple measurements. An analysis by the Laplace transform method shows that the observed reduction of the time constant from 300 seconds to 12 seconds is to be expected from the components of the system.

The Pumping Speed of a Circular Aperture in a Diaphragm Across a Circular Tube

A. J. Bureau, L. Jackson Laslett, and J. M. Keller

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 683 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746139 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Measurements are reported of the pumping speed, for molecular flow, of a circular hole located coaxially in a diaphragm across a circular cylindrical tube. A study is specifically made of the conductance between points not immediately adjacent to the diaphragm but separated by an axial distance L. A theoretical derivation of the conductance leads to the expression
math
where A and A0 are, respectively, the areas of the aperture and tube, D0 represents the diameter of the tube, K = (RT/2πM), and C is a dimensionless factor which has been evaluated as a function of relative aperture size. C takes on values from C=1 for A small to C=4/3 for A=A0. The experimental data indicate that the reciprocal of the conductance per unit area of the aperture does vary in an approximately linear fashion with A/A0, in concordance with the theoretical expression in which the slow variation of the coefficient C is of little effect. It is suggested that knowledge of the pumping speed for the case considered may be of value in measurements of speed at other parts of a kinetic vacuum system.

A Critical Evaluation of the Norelco High Angle X‐Ray Spectrometer for Elastic Strain Measurements

S. R. Maloof and H. R. Erard

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 687 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746140 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The theory of measuring elastic strains in metals with an x‐ray spectrometer is discussed and comparison is made with the x‐ray back‐reflection film method. It is shown that the accuracy attained in the determination of the surface biaxial stress sum from measurements on sharp diffraction lines with the spectrometer is equally as good as, or better than, that attained with the usual film techniques. An example is given of the determination of the biaxial stress sum with the spectrometer in a steel hardened to Rockwell C55. It was not possible to make the same determination photographically.
The effect of elastic anisotropy on x‐ray stress determinations is briefly discussed. It is shown that the error in the determination of the stress sum due to an improper choice of elastic constants is less than that due to the normal experimental errors. An example is given of an x‐ray determination of Poisson's ratio in different crystallographic directions in a FS8742 steel.

Recording and Indicating Instruments for Temperature Measurements Down to 10°K Using Copper‐Constantan Thermocouples

E. Victor Larson and Robert Mayer

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 692 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746141 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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This paper briefly discusses the modifications and additions to a standard instrument involved in the solution of the problems encountered in the indication and recording of temperatures as low as 10°K with CC thermocouples as the primary elements.

An Instrument for the Study of Double Refraction of Flow at Low and Intermediate Velocity Gradients

John T. Edsall, Alexander Rich, and Martin Goldstein

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 695 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746142 (7 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A compact concentric cylinder apparatus, for the study of double refraction of flow at low and intermediate velocity gradients, is described in detail. Since the outer cylinder is the rotor, relatively large gradients can be attained before turbulent flow sets in, even when the gap between the cylinders is as large as 0.2 cm. The light source is a zirconium concentrated arc lamp, used in conjunction with an interference filter. Sheets of selected Polaroid are used for polarizer and analyzer; the field of view of the flowing liquid is large, so that at least three of the four arms of the cross of isocline are simultaneously visible. The polarizer remains in a fixed orientation. For measurements of extinction angle, the analyzer remains fixed also, the angle being read by turning a reticle attached to a graduated scale. Birefringence is determined by a modified type of Senarmont compensator.

Precision Measurements with a Cathode‐Ray Oscilloscope

George Robinson and Roland Van Allen

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 701 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746143 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Point‐by‐point measurement of the deflection factors for several cathode‐ray tubes in common use has indicated the need for calibration in applications where measurements are to be made with errors less than 5 percent. Calibration techniques and a calibrating instrument have been developed for obtaining accuracies of 1 percent or better.

Synchrocyclotron for 450‐Mev Protons

Herbert L. Anderson, John Marshall, Lester Kornblith, Leroy Schwarcz, and Richard Miller

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 707 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746144 (22 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A 170‐inch synchrocyclotron recently completed at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, The University of Chicago, is described. It is capable of accelerating protons to an energy of 450 Mev, deuterons to an energy of 256 Mev, and alpha‐particles to an energy of 512 Mev. The magnet poles are especially contoured to give a field of 18,600 gauss in the center decreasing to 17,600 gauss at radius 76 inches. The radiofrequency is modulated by means of a rotating condenser in a three‐quarter wave resonant line oscillator. A circulating beam of about one microampere of 450‐Mev protons is normally obtained. This beam falling on an internal beryllium target produces about 4×1010 π‐mesons per second. Some of these π‐mesons emerge from the cyclotron, pass through channels in a heavy shield and are available in well‐collimated beams, well‐defined in energy. The present beams range in energy from 66 Mev to 230 Mev for π− mesons and from 66 to 145 Mev for π+ mesons. In the external 122‐Mev π− beam there are 1000π− mesons per square centimeter per second available over an area of about 50 square centimeters at 20 feet from the target. The energy spread is about ±4 Mev.

Ultrasonic Method of Tire Inspection

W. E. Morris, R. B. Stambaugh, and S. D. Gehman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 729 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746145 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The principles of a method are discussed for detecting internal defects in pneumatic tires, such as ply separations, by the attenuation of transmitted ultrasonic waves. Equipment for carrying out tire inspections by this method is described. It includes provisions for inspecting a large range of tire sizes, scanning the tread region from shoulder to shoulder and is suitable for operation by inspection personnel. A useful form for recording the results of a tire inspection is described. One of the principal applications for this method of inspection is the examination of tires to determine their suitability for recapping.

A Direct Current Microampere Integrator

Royal N. Schweiger

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 735 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746146 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A current integrator with a current range of 0–10/1000 microamperes consisting of a feedback stabilized current amplifier whose output is fed to the current coil of a modified Thompson watthour meter is described. Inasmuch as the no‐load speed of this meter is directly proportional to the current supplied, the desired integrated result is obtained by the use of a revolution counter operating at nearly zero torque. The net accuracy achieved is about one percent of full scale.

Apparatus for Controlled Atmosphere Research

George R. Thomas and Norman N. Lichtin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 738 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746147 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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The handling of atmosphere sensitive substances usually requires a special technique for each case. These techniques many times involve difficultly constructed and specific apparatus which will be used only once. It is the purpose of this paper to present a controlled atmosphere laboratory which will give a general solution to such problems.

The Measurement of Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations by the Method of Electromagnetic Induction

Lawrence M. Grossman and Andrew F. Charwat

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 741 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746148 (7 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A method is described for measuring the component velocity fluctuations in the turbulent flow of a fluid by investigating the induced potential gradients in flow transverse to a steady magnetic field. Experimental equipment and procedures for calibration and reduction of data are discussed. Measurements of the rms component velocity fluctuations in the radial and axial directions for the flow of water in a circular pipe are presented.
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A Large Capacity, All‐Glass Dispersion Oxygenator and Pump

Leland C. Clark, Frederick Hooven, and Frank Gollan

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 748 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746149 (6 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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A large capacity all‐Pyrex dispersion oxygenator and pump is described which is capable of substituting temporarily for the function of the heart and lungs. Blood is oxygenated by tiny bubbles of oxygen dispersed in the blood. These bubbles are coalesced on a polymethylsiloaxane surface and eliminated in a bubble trap which also serves as the pumping chamber. Pumping is accomplished by an alternating suction and pressure controlled by two electrodes, suspended in the chamber, which actuate two solenoid valves. The apparatus causes no significant damage to the red blood cells. The apparatus is portable, easily cleaned and sterilized, and inexpensive. Oxygenation, carbon dioxide elimination, temperature, pulsation rate and pressure, flow, and mean pressure can be controlled for various physiological studies. The blood volume of the apparatus is constant except for the stroke volume and in this respect resembles the normal heart.
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An Interferometer‐Schlieren Instrument for Aerodynamic Investigations

Robert E. Blue and John L. Pollack

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 754 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746150 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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See Also: Erratum

Abstract Unavailable

A Simple, Inexpensive Jig for Aligning Specimens In the Philips Powder Camera

R. A. Young

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 755 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746151 (1 page) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

The Design of Liquid Scintillation Cells

R. L. Garwin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 755 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746152 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Emission Regulator for Mass Spectrometer

A. K. Solomon and David C. Caton

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 757 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746153 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

A Simple Recording Tensile Machine for Metal Monocrystals

John J. Gilman

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 759 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746154 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

The Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of P‐Terphenyl in Toluene

C. F. Ravilious

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 760 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746155 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

A Precision Microscope Superstage

T. M. Putnam and J. F. Miller

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 760 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746156 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Resistance Thermometer with a Linear Response

J. E. Dinger and R. E. Ruskin

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 761 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746157 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

An Externally Adjustable Objective Aperture for an Electron Microscope

Mark E. Gettner

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 23, 761 (1952); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1746158 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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