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May 1947

Volume 18, Issue 5, pp. 267-381


All‐Metal Fast Geiger Counters for Cosmic‐Ray Research

Victor H. Regener

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 267 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740936 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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A detailed description is given of the preparation of all‐metal, argon‐alcohol filled, Geiger counter tubes for cosmic‐ray work. Two different possibilities are discussed for the construction of the feed‐through insulator.

A Pulse Timing Circuit for Cosmic‐Ray Research

Harold K. Ticho

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 271 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740937 (8 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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This paper describes a timing circuit for the measurement of short time intervals between pulses from Geiger‐Mueller counters. By means of a direct comparison with the frequency of a piezoelectric crystal time intervals from 0 to 10 microseconds can be measured within ±0.03 microsecond. This circuit has already been used at Climax, Colorado for the determination of the mean life of cosmic‐ray mesotrons.

An a.c. Operated Mass Spectrograph of the Mattauch Type

A. E. Shaw and Wilfrid Rall

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 278 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740938 (11 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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A mass spectrograph for chemical analysis of solid samples has been developed. The Mattauch arrangement of a 31° 50′ electric deflection followed by a 90° deflection in a magnetic field was used in order to obtain a large mass range in focus on one plate. The accelerating and deflecting voltages, and the current for the electromagnet were obtained from stabilized rectifier circuits connected to the 60‐cycle a.c. supply. The electromagnet with 100 milliamperes gave a field of 18,800 gauss across a ⅛″ gap. During the introduction of the plate or insertion of new electrodes a gate valve was closed to isolate the spectrograph from the pumping system. In this way different samples could be examined rapidly. The ion source was energized by a compact Tesla transformer wound on Lucite cylinders. One exposure covered a mass range from any mass M to a mass 10M.

Measurement of Transient Hydraulic Pressures

L. H. Montgomery and James W. Ward

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 289 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740939 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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In experiments in which it was necessary to record transient pressure waves in water, a recording instrument was sought which possessed the following characteristics: (1) a frequency response which was the same over a range from ☒ cycle to 10 kilocycles per second, (2) a continuous pressure‐time relationship in the recordings, (3) a range of sensitivity from about minus 200 pounds per square inch to several thousand pounds per square inch on the positive side, (4) the ability to be calibrated through the use of known hydrostatic pressures, and (5) relative freedom from artifacts. Several methods involving the use of piezoelectric crystals, electromagnetic pick‐ups, balanced diaphragms, high speed stoboscopic pictures of small rubber balloons, and cylindrical wire strain gauges were employed and their characteristics analyzed. Only the cylindrical wire strain gauge met all of the requirements. It consisted of a length of fine resistance wire wound on a thin‐walled, closed cylinder. The gauge operated through a bridge circuit into an amplifier and cathode‐ray oscillograph. The structure, operation, and characteristics of this gauge are considered and compared with the other methods used for recording transient hydraulic pressures.

A Null Method for the Comparison of Two Ion Currents in a Mass Spectrometer

Alfred O. Nier, Edward P. Ney, and Mark G. Inghram

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 294 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740940 (4 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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A method of determining the ratio of two small currents which vary intermittently or continuously, but always have the same relative magnitudes, is described. Although applied only to the case of making precise measurement of ratio of two ion currents in a mass spectrometer for the purpose of measuring the relative abundance of isotopes, the method would be useful in other applications as well.

Design of Dynamic Condenser Electrometers

H. Palevsky, R. K. Swank, and R. Grenchik

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 298 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740941 (17 pages) | Cited 80 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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The theory and design considerations for dynamic condenser electrometers are presented. The main features of such instruments are simple and dependable operation, extremely low drift and high sensitivity. (10,000 divisions/volt is easily obtainable.) Also included is the description and performance of two instruments specifically designed to measure d.c. currents of the order of 10−15 ampere.

Magnetic Field Measurement in Beta‐Spectroscopy

J. M. Cork, R. G. Shreffler, and F. B. Shull

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 315 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740942 (2 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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To measure precisely the instantaneous value of a magnetic field, a device consisting of a drum‐armature wound on a Lucite form and rotated by a synchronous motor is described. The direct voltage output is taken off by commutator and brushes, both of silver, to a potentiometer. Changes of 0.01 gauss can be observed. A simple self‐regulating circuit is described.

The Approximate Determination of Piezoelectric Properties by Measurements on Small Crystals

Elias Burstein

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 317 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740943 (11 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Procedures for testing and determining the piezoelectric properties of materials by measurements on very small crystals (1‐ to 3‐mm cubes) are described. These include the Giebe‐Scheibe method, the bridge method, and the antiresonance method. A mathematical analysis and an evaluation of these methods are also given. Data obtained from several tiny crystals are compared with data obtained from large specimens.

A Sensitive Direct Current Electrical Integrator

R. W. Gilbert

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 328 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740944 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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A permanent magnet‐movable coil d.c. instrument mechanism is used as an oscillating relay for time integration of d.c. potential. It is operated in conjunction with an input‐reversing relay and a vacuum tube circuit to promote oscillation, the frequency of which is proportional to the input potential, and the number of oscillations is related to the potential‐time integral.
In operation the accuracy of integration is within 1 percent over an input‐level ratio of over 100. And the energy demand from the source of input is comparable or less than that required to operate conventional d.c. indicating instruments.
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Erratum: The Preparation of Pressed Ra+Be Neutron Sources

H. L. Anderson and B. T. Feld

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 331 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740945 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Reducing Potentiometer Loading Error

L. A. Nettleton and F. E. Dole

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 332 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740946 (10 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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In the practical application of potentiometers to electrical computer circuits, loading errors are invariably present. Where linear outputs are required the loading errors can usually be held within reasonable limits by careful proportioning of constants and by working on the most favorable part of the characteristic curve. However, if this is not sufficient, the potentiometer card can be tapered in such a way as to eliminate the loading error. Potentiometer cards can also be tapered in order to produce non‐linear functions. On the other hand linear potentiometers can be loaded so as to produce non‐linear functions, as in the case of the ``Tangent Function'' potentiometer circuit. When the tangent function is not required for both positive and negative angles, the accuracy of the output can be improved by unbalancing the circuit.

A Simplified Analysis of the Parallel‐T Null Network

M. P. Givens and John S. Saby

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 342 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740947 (5 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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The parallel‐T resistance‐capacitance null network is analyzed algebraically. General conditions for null, and expressions for network impedance and sharpness of null, are obtained in a convenient form for application to practical design problems. Vector diagrams are used to illustrate the variations of phase and amplitude of output voltage with frequency.

Theoretical Consideration in Heat and Infra‐Red Detection, with Particular Reference to the Pneumatic Detector

Marcel J. E. Golay

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 347 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740948 (10 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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A brief mathematical review of the basic factors involved in infra‐red detection is presented, with emphasis on the concepts of equivalent circuits and efficiency. A few theoretical aspects of the pneumatic detector are discussed.

A Pneumatic Infra‐Red Detector

Marcel J. E. Golay

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 357 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740949 (6 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Work on infra‐red detectors, and particularly on infra‐red pneumatic detectors, pursued in the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories from 1932 to date, has been briefly reviewed. A typical pneumatic infra‐red detector and laboratory techniques are described.
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Some Laboratory Applications of the Low Friction Properties of the Dry Hypodermic Syringe

Howard F. Brubach

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 363 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740950 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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The principle of rotating either the barrel or plunger of a dry hypodermic syringe to produce a low friction gas sealed bearing is described. The application of this principle to accurate measurement of gas volume at very low pressure heads, and further applications to other instruments operating at low pressure heads is indicated. Horizontal motion of the plunger was produced in a rotating syringe barrel with pressures as low as 0.6 dynes per cm2.
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High Temperature X‐Ray Diffraction Camera

L. F. Connell

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 367 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740951 (1 page) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Technique for Obtaining Exceptionally Durable Low Reflecting Films of MgF2 on Glass

John E. Tyler

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 367 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740952 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Use of Rhodium Surface Mirrors in Commercial Ultraviolet Spectrophotometers

Earl B. Claiborne

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 368 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740953 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

A Cam Operated Vacuum Valve

D. D'Eustachio

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 369 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740954 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

A Chamber for Operating Arcs for Spectrographic Investigations in Controlled Atmospheres

G. W. Marks and M. Gardner

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 370 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740955 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

Measurement of X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Films with Automatic Correction for Shrinkage

Gunnar Hägg

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 371 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740956 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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New Materials

New Materials

Forest K. Harris

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 372 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740957 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
New Instruments

New Instruments

W. A. Wildhack

Rev. Sci. Instrum. 18, 373 (1947); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1740958 (9 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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