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Top 20 Most Read Articles
September 2011
The 20 articles with the most full-text downloads during the month, in descending order.
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Invited Review Article: Single-photon sources and detectors Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3610677 (25 pages) Online Publication Date: 27 July 2011
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We review the current status of single-photon-source and single-photon-detector technologies operating at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the infrared. We discuss applications of these technologies to quantum communication, a field currently driving much of the development of single-photon sources and detectors.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 031101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2709758 (20 pages) Online Publication Date: 30 March 2007
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The technique of atom probe tomography (APT) is reviewed with an emphasis on illustrating what is possible with the technique both now and in the future. APT delivers the highest spatial resolution (sub-0.3-nm) three-dimensional compositional information of any microscopy technique. Recently, APT has changed dramatically with new hardware configurations that greatly simplify the technique and improve the rate of data acquisition. In addition, new methods have been developed to fabricate suitable specimens from new classes of materials. Applications of APT have expanded from structural metals and alloys to thin multilayer films on planar substrates, dielectric films, semiconducting structures and devices, and ceramic materials. This trend toward a broader range of materials and applications is likely to continue.
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In situ demountable, UHV‐compatible HeI filter for photoelectron spectroscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 777 (1976); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134741 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 28 August 2008
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Parylene N, which is UHV compatible, is also shown to be an excellent filter material for selectively removing the 21.2‐eV line produced by a helium resonance lamp. A simple modification to a Vacuum Generators ESCA‐3 spectrometer allows in situ movement of the filter. |
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A New X‐Ray Spectrograph for Wave‐length Determinations in Air. (Errata) Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2, 308 (1931); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1748794 (1 page) Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004
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Surface fluctuation spectroscopy: Comments on experimental technique and capillary ripple theory Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55, 727 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1137826 (5 pages)
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We comment on several aspects of the light scattering technology that have been developed in our laboratory. In particular we show that Shih’s [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55, XXX (1984)] data is consistent once beam propagation is taken into account fully and a small error in the grating constants corrected. The result is that we can make a stronger statement concerning the correspondence between theory and experiment for both the center frequency and width of the spectrum of capillary wave fluctuations at the liquid/vapor interface. We discuss questions of optimal design of the optical system and detection system for these measurements. We collect a set of dimensionless groups that are useful for the design of experiments. |
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1, 1 (1930); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1748631 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 17 December 2004
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Errata; Precision Lattice Constants from X‐Ray Powder Photographs Rev. Sci. Instrum. 7, 155 (1936); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1752101 (1 page) Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004
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Erratum: The Scintillation Efficiency of Anthracene for Low Energy Electrons Rev. Sci. Instrum. 21, 922 (1950); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1745464 (1 page) Online Publication Date: 20 December 2004
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Portable laser-heating stand for synchrotron applications Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 045103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3115183 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 13 April 2009
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A compact, double-sided laser-heating system for diamond-cell synchrotron applications is described. The optical table, containing laser, spectrometer, and all optics for visual observation and measuring temperatures and pressures has an area of less than ½ m2 and weighs less than 20 kg. All components can be remotely controlled at micron levels with simple dc motors and pneumatic drives. The design allows quick alignment of the laser-heated hot spot with the x-ray beam and the spectrometer. The prealigned system can be set up at most synchrotron beamlines within about 1 h. We carried out measurements on a variety of materials above one megabar and up to over 4000 K at both the x-ray diffraction beamline ID 27 and the x-ray absorption beamline ID 24 at the European Synchrotron Facility. A new measurement of the melting temperature of iron by x-ray absorption spectroscopy is presented.
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Lateral force calibration of an atomic force microscope with a diamagnetic levitation spring system Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 065105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2209953 (13 pages) Online Publication Date: 14 June 2006
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A novel diamagnetic lateral force calibrator (D-LFC) has been developed to directly calibrate atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever-tip or -bead assemblies. This enables an AFM to accurately measure the lateral forces encountered in friction or biomechanical-testing experiments at a small length scale. In the process of development, deformation characteristics of the AFM cantilever assemblies under frictional loading have been analyzed and four essential response variables, i.e., force constants, of the assembly have been identified. Calibration of the lateral force constant and the “crosstalk” lateral force constant, among the four, provides the capability of measuring absolute AFM lateral forces. The D-LFC is composed of four NdFeB magnets and a diamagnetic pyrolytic graphite sheet, which can calibrate the two constants with an accuracy on the order of 0.1%. Preparation of the D-LFC and the data processing required to get the force constants is significantly simpler than any other calibration methods. The most up-to-date calibration technique, known as the “wedge method,” calibrates mainly one of the two constants and, if the crosstalk effect is properly analyzed, is primarily applicable to a sharp tip. In contrast, the D-LFC can calibrate both constants simultaneously for AFM tips or beads with any radius of curvature. These capabilities can extend the applicability of AFM lateral force measurement to studies of anisotropic multiscale friction processes and biomechanical behavior of cells and molecules under combined loading. Details of the D-LFC method as well as a comparison with the wedge method are provided in this article.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 081301 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3624752 (22 pages) Online Publication Date: 23 August 2011
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We have developed an efficient spectrometer capable of performing a wide variety of coherent multidimensional measurements at optical wavelengths. The two major components of the largely automated device are a spatial beam shaper which controls the beam geometry and a spatiotemporal pulse shaper which controls the temporal waveform of the femtosecond pulse in each beam. We describe how to construct, calibrate, and operate the device, and we discuss its limitations. We use the exciton states of a semiconductor nanostructure as a working example. A series of complex multidimensional spectra—displayed in amplitude and real parts—reveals increasingly intricate correlations among the excitons.
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Fabrication of silver tips for scanning tunneling microscope induced luminescence Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 083101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3617456 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 1 August 2011
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We describe a reliable fabrication procedure of silver tips for scanning tunneling microscope (STM) induced luminescence experiments. The tip was first etched electrochemically to yield a sharp cone shape using selected electrolyte solutions and then sputter cleaned in ultrahigh vacuum to remove surface oxidation. The tip status, in particular the tip induced plasmon mode and its emission intensity, can be further tuned through field emission and voltage pulse. The quality of silver tips thus fabricated not only offers atomically resolved STM imaging, but more importantly, also allows us to perform challenging “color” photon mapping with emission spectra taken at each pixel simultaneously during the STM scan under relatively small tunnel currents and relatively short exposure time. |
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WSXM: A software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 013705 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2432410 (8 pages) Online Publication Date: 31 January 2007
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In this work we briefly describe the most relevant features of WSXM, a freeware scanning probe microscopy software based on MS-Windows. The article is structured in three different sections: The introduction is a perspective on the importance of software on scanning probe microscopy. The second section is devoted to describe the general structure of the application; in this section the capabilities of WSXM to read third party files are stressed. Finally, a detailed discussion of some relevant procedures of the software is carried out.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 083707 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3625274 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 22 August 2011
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In this study we have modified the BioPhotonics workstation (BWS), which allows for using long working distance objective for optical trapping, to include traditional epi-fluorescence microscopy, using the trapping objectives. We have also added temperature regulation of sample stage, allowing for fast temperature variations while trapping. Using this modified BWS setup, we investigated the internal pH (pHi) response and membrane integrity of an optically trapped Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell at 5 mW subject to increasing temperatures. The pHi of the cell is obtained from the emission of 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester, at 435 and 485 nm wavelengths, while the permeability is indicated by the fluorescence of propidium iodide. We present images mapping the pHi and permeability of the cell at different temperatures and with enough spatial resolution to localize these attributes within the cell. The combined capability of optical trapping, fluorescence microscopy and temperature regulation offers a versatile tool for biological research. |
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 073709 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3615629 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 28 July 2011
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Integrated quantum optical hybrid devices consist of fundamental constituents such as single emitters and tailored photonic nanostructures. A reliable fabrication method requires the controlled deposition of active nanoparticles on arbitrary nanostructures with highest precision. Here, we describe an easily adaptable technique that employs picking and placing of nanoparticles with an atomic force microscope combined with a confocal setup. In this way, both the topography and the optical response can be monitored simultaneously before and after the assembly. The technique can be applied to arbitrary particles. Here, we focus on nanodiamonds containing single nitrogen vacancy centers, which are particularly interesting for quantum optical experiments on the single photon and single emitter level.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 089501 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3623794 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 22 August 2011
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Optical temperature sensor based on ZnO thin film's temperature-dependent optical properties Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 084901 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3616361 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 3 August 2011
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A reflective fiber temperature sensor system based on the ZnO thin film is proposed. The transmittance spectra and temperature dependent optical property of the sensing head with ZnO thin film is investigated theoretically and experimentally, and the temperature resolution of ∼1 °C is obtained in the temperature region of 300–773 K. The temperature sensing system is only related to the wavelength shift of transmittance spectra, and has a high stability without depending on the incident light intensity. This research results also indicate a fiber optical sensor with a broad temperature measurement range (10–1800 K) can be gained as a promising temperature sensing device, and can be applied into some extremely environments, such as aircraft, nuclear power station and power transmission system, and so on. |
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 023701 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3524570 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 4 February 2011
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We developed a total-internal-reflection (TIR) fluorescence microscopy using three dichroic mirrors and four charge-coupled devices (CCDs) to detect simultaneously four colors of single-molecule (SM) fluorophores. Four spectrally distinct species of fluorophores (Alexa 488, Cy3, Cy5, or Cy5.5) were each immobilized on a different fused silica slide. A species of fluorophores on the slide was irradiated simultaneously, by two excitation beams from an Ar ion laser (488 and 514.5 nm) and a diode laser (642 nm) through TIR on the slide surface. Fluorescence emitted from the fluorophores was spectrally resolved into four components by the dichroic mirrors, and four images were generated from them simultaneously and continuously, with the four CCDs at a rate of 10 Hz. A series of images was thus obtained with each CCD. Fluorescence spots for a species were observed mainly in the series of images recorded by its respective-color CCD. In the first image in the series, we picked out the spots as continuous pixel regions that had the values greater than a threshold. Then we selected only those spots that exhibited single-step photobleaching and regarded them as SM fluorescence spots. Pixel values of SM fluorescence spots widely differed. Some SM fluorophores had pixel values smaller than the threshold, and were left unpicked. Assuming the pixel values of SM fluorescence spots differed with a Gaussian profile, we estimated the ratios of unpicked fluorophores to be less than 20% for all the species. Because of the spectral overlaps between species, we also observed cross-talk spots into CCDs other than the respective-color CCDs. These cross-talk SM fluorescence spots can be mistaken for correct species. We thus introduced the classification method and classified SM fluorescence spots into correct species in accordance with two kinds of four-dimensional signal vectors. The error rates of fluorophore classification were estimated to be less than 3.2% for all the species. Our system is suitable for the biological studies that desire to simultaneously monitor the four colors of SM fluorophores. |
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 079501 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3610457 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 26 July 2011
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 083705 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3624692 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 17 August 2011
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The Cranz-Schardin camera utilizes a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and four single CCD cameras. Light pulse energy in the range of 25 mJ and pulse duration of about 5 ns is provided by the laser. The laser light is converted to incoherent light by Rhodamine-B fluorescence dye in a cuvette. The laser beam coherence is intentionally broken in order to avoid speckle. Four light fibers collect the fluorescence light and are used for illumination. Different light fiber lengths enable a delay of illumination between consecutive images. The chosen interframe time is 25 ns, corresponding to 40 × 106 frames per second. Exemplarily, the camera is applied to observe the bow shock in front of a water jet, propagating in air at supersonic speed. The initial phase of the formation of a jet structure is recorded. |
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