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Top 20 Most Read Articles
December 2006
The 20 articles with the most full-text downloads during the month, in descending order.
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Crystal cleavage mechanism for UHV scanning tunneling microscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 116116 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2393169 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 30 November 2006
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A device for UHV cleavage of crystal specimens for the use with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been suggested and developed. We present a device suitable for the precise cleavage of semiconductors. The device needs only small space and can be easily mounted in a small and compact UHV chamber equipped with a wobble-stick manipulator. In order to prove the technique, UHV STM measurements on InAs(110) surfaces with different bulk conductivities (p and n types) have been performed.
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Superconducting quantum interference device instruments and applications Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 101101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2354545 (45 pages) Online Publication Date: 11 October 2006
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Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been a key factor in the development and commercialization of ultrasensitive electric and magnetic measurement systems. In many cases, SQUID instrumentation offers the ability to make measurements where no other methodology is possible. We review the main aspects of designing, fabricating, and operating a number of SQUID measurement systems. While this article is not intended to be an exhaustive review on the principles of SQUID sensors and the underlying concepts behind the Josephson effect, a qualitative description of the operating principles of SQUID sensors and the properties of materials used to fabricate SQUID sensors is presented. The difference between low and high temperature SQUIDs and their suitability for specific applications is discussed. Although SQUID electronics have the capability to operate well above 1 MHz, most applications tend to be at lower frequencies. Specific examples of input circuits and detection coil configuration for different applications and environments, along with expected performance, are described. In particular, anticipated signal strength, magnetic field environment (applied field and external noise), and cryogenic requirements are discussed. Finally, a variety of applications with specific examples in the areas of electromagnetic, material property, nondestructive test and evaluation, and geophysical and biomedical measurements are reviewed.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 123701 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2400024 (5 pages) Online Publication Date: 1 December 2006
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The spectroscopic resolution of tunneling measurements performed with a scanning tunneling microscope is ultimately limited by the temperature at which the experiment is performed. To take advantage of the potential high spectroscopic resolution associated with operating a scanning tunneling microscope in a dilution refrigerator we have designed a room-temperature tunnel current amplifier having very small back action on the tunnel contact and allowing to nearly reach the predicted energy resolution. This design is a modification of the standard operational amplifier based tip-biasing current-voltage converter which implements differential voltage sensing and whose back action on the tip voltage is only ∼ 2 μV rms for a 14 MV/A transimpedance and 22 kHz bandwidth.
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Concepts and designs of ion implantation equipment for semiconductor processing Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 111101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2354571 (12 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2006
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Manufacturing ion implantation equipment for doping semiconductors has grown into a two billion dollar business. The accelerators developed for nuclear physics research and isotope separation provided the technology from which ion implanters have been developed but the unique requirements of the semiconductor industry defined the evolution of the architecture of these small accelerators. Key elements will be described including ion generation and beam transport systems as well as the techniques used to achieve uniform doping over large wafers. The wafers are processed one at a time or in batches and are moved in and out of the vacuum by automated handling systems. The productivity of an implanter is of economic importance and there is continuing need to increase the usable beam current especially at low energies.
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Line optical tweezers instrument for measuring nanoscale interactions and kinetics Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 113702 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2387893 (10 pages) Online Publication Date: 15 November 2006
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We describe an optical tweezers instrument for measuring short-ranged colloidal interactions, based on a combination of a continuous wave line optical tweezers, high speed video microscopy, and laser illumination. Our implementation can measure the separation of two nearly contacting microspheres to better than 4 nm at rates in excess of 10 kHz. A simple image analysis algorithm allows us to sensibly remove effects from diffraction blurring and microsphere image overlap for separations ranging from contact to at least 100 nm. The result is a versatile instrument for measuring steric, chemical and single-molecular interactions and dynamics, with a force resolution significantly better than achievable with current atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the instrument with measurements of the pair interactions and dynamics of microspheres in the presence of transient molecular bridges of DNA or surfactant micelles.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 113105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2370428 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 13 November 2006
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We have developed a fluorescence up-conversion spectrometer which allows us to observe femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectra directly and correctly. The spectral response of the spectrometer including wavelength-dependent up-conversion efficiency is acquired through up-conversion of a spectrally calibrated continuous white light. On the other hand, wavelength-dependent mismatch of the time origin is determined as wavelength-dependent change of the peak position of the temporal instrumental response function derived from deconvolution with the wavelength-resolved fluorescence decay curve of a sample. Comparison between the time-resolved fluorescence spectrum thus obtained for the sample and that reconstructed from the fluorescence decay curves measured at a set of wavelengths at the same delay time has been made in order to confirm the validity of the correction procedures.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 061101 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1927327 (12 pages) Online Publication Date: 26 May 2005
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Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are drawing interest from both technical and scientific communities. These are electromechanical systems, much like microelectromechanical systems, mostly operated in their resonant modes with dimensions in the deep submicron. In this size regime, they come with extremely high fundamental resonance frequencies, diminished active masses,and tolerable force constants; the quality (Q) factors of resonance are in the range Q ∼ 103–105—significantly higher than those of electrical resonant circuits. These attributes collectively make NEMS suitable for a multitude of technological applications such as ultrafast sensors, actuators, and signal processing components. Experimentally, NEMS are expected to open up investigations of phonon mediated mechanical processes and of the quantum behavior of mesoscopic mechanical systems. However, there still exist fundamental and technological challenges to NEMS optimization. In this review we shall provide a balanced introduction to NEMS by discussing the prospects and challenges in this rapidly developing field and outline an exciting emerging application, nanoelectromechanical mass detection.
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Thermal calibration of photodiode sensitivity for atomic force microscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 116110 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2387891 (4 pages) Online Publication Date: 21 November 2006
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The photodiode sensitivity in the atomic force microscope is calibrated by relating the voltage noise to the thermal fluctuations of the cantilever angle. The method accounts for the ratio of the thermal fluctuations measured in the fundamental vibration mode to the total, and also for the tilt and extended tip of the cantilever. The method is noncontact and is suitable for soft or deformable surfaces where the constant compliance method cannot be used. For hard surfaces, the method can also be used to calibrate the cantilever spring constant.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 113101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2364137 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 10 November 2006
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A 68 eV extreme-ultraviolet light imaging diagnostic measures short pulse isochoric heating by electrons and protons in petawatt laser experiments. Temperatures are deduced from the absolute intensities and comparison with modeling using a radiation hydrodynamics code.
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Robust, high-speed, all-optical atomic magnetometer Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 113106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2370597 (7 pages) Online Publication Date: 13 November 2006
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A self-oscillating magnetometer based on the nonlinear magneto-optical rotation effect with separate modulated pump and unmodulated probe beams is demonstrated. This device possesses a bandwidth exceeding 1 kHz. Pump and probe are delivered by optical fiber, facilitating miniaturization and modularization. The magnetometer has been operated both with vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, which are well suited to portable applications, and with conventional edge-emitting diode lasers. A sensitivity of around 3 nG is achieved for a measurement time of 1 s.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 114101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2387881 (7 pages) Online Publication Date: 30 November 2006
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Radio frequency (rf) oscillators are commonly used to drive electrodes of ion guides. In this article a rf oscillator circuit design and its implementation is presented. The printed circuit board for the rf oscillator is designed and fabricated. The performance of the circuit was tested to transfer ions through a hexapole in a matrix-assisted laser desorption∕ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometer. A comprehensive discussion of several aspects of printed circuit board design for high power and high frequency circuits is presented.
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Calibration of atomic‐force microscope tips Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 1868 (1993); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143970 (6 pages)
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Images and force measurements taken by an atomic‐force microscope (AFM) depend greatly on the properties of the spring and tip used to probe the sample’s surface. In this article, we describe a simple, nondestructive procedure for measuring the force constant, resonant frequency, and quality factor of an AFM cantilever spring and the effective radius of curvature of an AFM tip. Our procedure uses the AFM itself and does not require additional equipment. |
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Thermal conductivity measurement from 30 to 750 K: the 3ω method Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 802 (1990); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141498 (7 pages)
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An ac technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of dielectric solids between 30 and 750 K is described. This technique, the 3ω method, can be applied to bulk amorphous solids and crystals as well as amorphous films tens of microns thick. Errors from black‐body radiation are calculated to be less than 2% even at 1000 K. Data for a‐SiO2, Pyrex 7740, and Pyroceram 9606 are compared to results obtained by conventional techniques. |
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Shot noise limited, microwave bandwidth photodetector design Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 114701 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2370733 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 15 November 2006
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We present a methodology for designing wideband, shot noise limited photodetectors using commercially available components and microwave engineering techniques. We use this methodology to design and construct a photodetector using wideband microwave amplifiers and a 3.5 GHz bandwidth photodiode. Consistent with our analytic models, the photodetector exhibits linear behavior up to a level of 6.5 dB clearance between shot noise and dark noise from 2.0 to 3.5 GHz at 10 mA of photocurrent, reducing to 3.5 dB of clearance at 6.4 GHz.
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Versatile cluster based photoelectron spectrometer Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 123901 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2393163 (8 pages) Online Publication Date: 1 December 2006
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A recently constructed cluster based photoelectron spectrometer is described. This instrumentation is unique in that it enables the kinetic energy analysis of electrons ejected from both anions and neutral clusters. This capability permits the investigation of discrete electronic levels in all charge states (anionic, neutral, and cationic). A laser vaporization plasma reactor cluster source affixed with a sublimation cell is employed to produce a variety of metal clusters, and the resulting cluster distributions are analyzed with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The corresponding electronic structure is analyzed with a “magnetic bottle” photoelectron spectrometer. Examples of instrument performance operating in both anion photodetachment and neutral multiphoton ionization (MPI) modes are provided. In the case of neutral MPI, the corresponding product distribution is collected with a
Wiley-McLaren [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26, 1150 (1955)
] mass spectrometer mounted perpendicular to the magnetic bottle photoelectron spectrometer.
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New automatic system for multipass Fabry-Pérot alignment and stabilization Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 113104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2369641 (6 pages) Online Publication Date: 13 November 2006
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We present a new automatic system for Brillouin scattering experiments employing a double pass Fabry-Pérot interferometer. The main characteristics of the system are a new procedure for reaching and maintaining mirror parallelism over time and the complete automation of most of the tasks involved in a successful Brillouin scattering experiment. The system makes use of a personal computer, a commercially available nanopositioning system with proportional-integral-derivative feedback control capability, and few commercial computer interfaces. The proposed mirror alignment method can be easily adapted to different multipass Fabry-Pérots and turned out to be reliable and practical in common experimental condition. The system does not need thermal stabilization of the surrounding environment and requires human intervention only when changing the free spectral range of the interferometer and/or scattering angle. The results from some tests under different experimental conditions are also reported.
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New diamond cell for single-crystal x-ray diffraction Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 115103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2372734 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 16 November 2006
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A new design for a high-precision diamond cell is described. Two kinematically mounted steel disks are elastically deflected to generate pressure. This principle provides higher precision in the diamond anvil alignment than most sliding piston-cylinder or guide-pin devices at significantly lower cost. With this new diamond cell conical diamond anvils with an x-ray aperture of 85° were successfully tested to over 50 GPa using helium as a pressure medium. Anvil thickness of less than 1.4 mm provides high x-ray transmission and low background, a significant improvement compared to beryllium or diamond-disk backing plates. Because the diamond anvils are supported by tungsten carbide seats, samples and pressure media can be annealed by external or laser heating to provide hydrostatic pressure conditions.
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Portable digital microscope apparatus Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 116106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2370873 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 20 November 2006
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This article successfully presented the concept of digital camera changing digital microscope using additional adapter with one lens, light emitting diodes, single AAA battery cell, and simple construction without interfering digital camera function. It will be very friendly using general instrument to record miniature target image data in scientific and engineering fields in the future.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2787 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1785844 (23 pages) Online Publication Date: 2 September 2004
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Since their invention just over 20 years ago, optical traps have emerged as a powerful tool with broad-reaching applications in biology and physics. Capabilities have evolved from simple manipulation to the application of calibrated forces on—and the measurement of nanometer-level displacements of—optically trapped objects. We review progress in the development of optical trapping apparatus, including instrument design considerations, position detection schemes and calibration techniques, with an emphasis on recent advances. We conclude with a brief summary of innovative optical trapping configurations and applications. |
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Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometer with Improved Resolution Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26, 1150 (1955); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1715212 (8 pages) Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004
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A new type of ion gun is described which greatly improves the resolution of a nonmagnetic time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The focusing action of this gun is discussed and analyzed mathematically. The validity of the analysis and the practicability of the gun are demonstrated by the spectra obtained. The spectrometer is capable of measuring the relative abundance of adjacent masses well beyond 100 amu. |
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