Jump to Content
View Cart
Top 20 Most Cited Articles
The 20 most cited articles over time based on CrossRef data.
 |
Modified Spin‐Echo Method for Measuring Nuclear Relaxation Times Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 688 (1958); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716296 (4 pages) | Cited 1312 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
A spin echo method adapted to the measurement of long nuclear relaxation times (T2) in liquids is described. The pulse sequence is identical to the one proposed by Carr and Purcell, but the rf of the successive pulses is coherent, and a phase shift of 90° is introduced in the first pulse. Very long T2 values can be measured without appreciable effect of diffusion. |
|||
|
|
WSXM: A software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 013705 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2432410 (8 pages) | Cited 1058 times Online Publication Date: 31 January 2007
Full Text:
Read Online (HTML)
|
Download PDF
|
|||
|
Show Abstract
In this work we briefly describe the most relevant features of WSXM, a freeware scanning probe microscopy software based on MS-Windows. The article is structured in three different sections: The introduction is a perspective on the importance of software on scanning probe microscopy. The second section is devoted to describe the general structure of the application; in this section the capabilities of WSXM to read third party files are stressed. Finally, a detailed discussion of some relevant procedures of the software is carried out.
|
||||
|
Show PACS
|
||||
|
|
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 3477 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148310 (8 pages) | Cited 689 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g−)(v = 2, N = 2)←X(3Σg−) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and support the appealing properties of this velocity mapping technique. © 1997 American Institute of Physics. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometer with Improved Resolution Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26, 1150 (1955); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1715212 (8 pages) | Cited 686 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
A new type of ion gun is described which greatly improves the resolution of a nonmagnetic time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The focusing action of this gun is discussed and analyzed mathematically. The validity of the analysis and the practicability of the gun are demonstrated by the spectra obtained. The spectrometer is capable of measuring the relative abundance of adjacent masses well beyond 100 amu. |
|||
|
|
Calibration of atomic‐force microscope tips Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 1868 (1993); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143970 (6 pages) | Cited 676 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
Images and force measurements taken by an atomic‐force microscope (AFM) depend greatly on the properties of the spring and tip used to probe the sample’s surface. In this article, we describe a simple, nondestructive procedure for measuring the force constant, resonant frequency, and quality factor of an AFM cantilever spring and the effective radius of curvature of an AFM tip. Our procedure uses the AFM itself and does not require additional equipment. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Femtosecond pulse shaping using spatial light modulators Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1929 (2000); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150614 (32 pages) | Cited 655 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
We review the field of femtosecond pulse shaping, in which Fourier synthesis methods are used to generate nearly arbitrarily shaped ultrafast optical wave forms according to user specification. An emphasis is placed on programmable pulse shaping methods based on the use of spatial light modulators. After outlining the fundamental principles of pulse shaping, we then present a detailed discussion of pulse shaping using several different types of spatial light modulators. Finally, new research directions in pulse shaping, and applications of pulse shaping to optical communications, biomedical optical imaging, high power laser amplifiers, quantum control, and laser-electron beam interactions are reviewed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52, 33 (1981); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1136443 (13 pages) | Cited 543 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
|||
|
Show Abstract
We describe the design, construction, and operation of a new type of microwave spectrograph which allows the measurement of the resonant transitions of transient or otherwise short‐lived species. The spectrograph is composed of three parts: a Fabry–Perot cavity, a pulsed supersonic nozzle as a source for the sample, and the pulsed microwave Fourier transform method. Following a detailed discussion of the three above components in the spectrograph, the operation of the entire system is described and several examples are given. |
||||
|
Show PACS
|
||||
|
|
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 403 (1993); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144209 (3 pages) | Cited 481 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
The spring constant of microfabricated cantilevers used in scanning force microscopy (SFM) can be determined by measuring their resonant frequencies before and after adding small end masses. These masses adhere naturally and can be easily removed before using the cantilever for SFM, making the method nondestructive. The observed variability in spring constant—almost an order of magnitude for a single type of cantilever—necessitates calibration of individual cantilevers in work where precise knowledge of forces is required. Measurements also revealed that the spring constant scales with the cube of the unloaded resonant frequency, providing a simple way to estimate the spring constant for less precise work. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Cavity ring‐down optical spectrometer for absorption measurements using pulsed laser sources Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544 (1988); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139895 (8 pages) | Cited 469 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
|||||||||||||
|
Show Abstract
We have developed a technique which allows optical absorption measurements to be made using a pulsed light source and offers a sensitivity significantly greater than that attained using stabilized continuous light sources. The technique is based upon the measurement of the rate of absorption rather than the magnitude of absorption of a light pulse confined within a closed optical cavity. The decay of the light intensity within the cavity is a simple exponential with loss components due to mirror loss, broadband scatter (Rayleigh, Mie), and molecular absorption. Narrowband absorption spectra are recorded by scanning the output of a pulsed laser (which is injected into the optical cavity) through an absorption resonance. We have demonstrated the sensitivity of this technique by measuring several bands in the very weak forbidden b1Σg−X3Σg transition in gaseous molecular oxygen. Absorption signals of less than 1 part in 106 can be detected. |
||||||||||||||
|
Show PACS
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
Application of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy to Magnetic Resonance Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37, 93 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1719961 (10 pages) | Cited 422 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
The application of a new Fourier transform technique to magnetic resonance spectroscopy is explored. The method consists of applying a sequence of short rf pulses to the sample to be investigated and Fourier‐transforming the response of the system. The main advantages of this technique compared with the usual spectral sweep method are the much shorter time required to record a spectrum and the higher inherent sensitivity. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that it is possible to enhance the sensitivity of high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a restricted time up to a factor of ten or more. The time necessary to achieve the same sensitivity is a factor of 100 shorter than with conventional methods. The enhancement of the sensitivity is essentially given by the square root of the ratio of line width to total width of the spectrum. The method is of particular advantage for complicated high resolution spectra with much fine structure. |
|||
|
|
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 3277 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148286 (19 pages) | Cited 383 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
We summarize the problem of measuring an ultrashort laser pulse and describe in detail a technique that completely characterizes a pulse in time: frequency-resolved optical gating. Emphasis is placed on the choice of experimental beam geometry and the implementation of the iterative phase-retrieval algorithm that together yield an accurate measurement of the pulse time-dependent intensity and phase over a wide range of circumstances. We compare several commonly used beam geometries, displaying sample traces for each and showing where each is appropriate, and we give a detailed description of the pulse-retrieval algorithm for each of these cases. © 1997 American Institute of Physics. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Calibration of rectangular atomic force microscope cantilevers Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 3967 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150021 (3 pages) | Cited 380 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
A method to determine the spring constant of a rectangular atomic force microscope cantilever is proposed that relies solely on the measurement of the resonant frequency and quality factor of the cantilever in fluid (typically air), and knowledge of its plan view dimensions. This method gives very good accuracy and improves upon the previous formulation by Sader et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 3789 (1995)] which, unlike the present method, requires knowledge of both the cantilever density and thickness. © 1999 American Institute of Physics. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 5486 (1995); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146073 (7 pages) | Cited 345 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
Coherent properties of the x‐ray beam delivered at the ESRF allow the observation of very weak perturbations of the wave front, resulting in the phase contrast. A straightforward experimental setup for phase contrast imaging is proposed and used to record holographic images from organic samples of 10–100 μm at energy 10–50 keV with the contrast up to 50%–100%. The theory of phase contrast imaging is considered and some theoretical estimations are made to reveal the performance of the proposed technique in terms of resolution, sensitivity, geometrical requirements, and energy range applicability. It is found that for carbon‐based fibers a detectable size with 2% contrast is 0.1 μm for 10 keV and −1 μm for 100 keV. It is demonstrated that the fine interference structure of the image is very sensitive to the shape, density variation, and internal structure of the sample. Some prospects for the practical use and future development of the new coherent techniques such as phase contrast microscopy, microtomography, holography, and interferometry at high energies are also discussed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Thermal conductivity measurement from 30 to 750 K: the 3ω method Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 802 (1990); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141498 (7 pages) | Cited 343 times
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
An ac technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of dielectric solids between 30 and 750 K is described. This technique, the 3ω method, can be applied to bulk amorphous solids and crystals as well as amorphous films tens of microns thick. Errors from black‐body radiation are calculated to be less than 2% even at 1000 K. Data for a‐SiO2, Pyrex 7740, and Pyroceram 9606 are compared to results obtained by conventional techniques. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 973 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1134381 (7 pages) | Cited 318 times Online Publication Date: 3 September 2008
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
A diamond‐anvil type optical cell of improved design has produced static pressures in gasketed samples up to 500 kilobar as measured by the ruby fluorescence technique. The ruby R1 line pressure shift is linear to 291 kilobar, and the maximum measured shift is extrapolated to 500 kilobar assuming continued linearity of the pressure dependence. The ultimate pressure capability of this diamond cell has not been established. Transition pressures in the semiconductors Si, ZnSe, ZnS, and GaP measured by the ruby method indicate that the revised 1970 fixed point scale and the ruby (NaCl) scale diverge above 135 kilobar and disagreement may be by as much as a factor of 2 in the 500 kilobar range with the ruby scale defining the lower pressure. |
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
|
|
Magnetic Multipole Containment of Large Uniform Collisionless Quiescent Plasmas Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 726 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686231 (6 pages) | Cited 312 times Online Publication Date: 6 November 2003
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
Over 1200 Alnico magnets (1.3 × 1.3 × 4 cm) are used to contain a conventional discharge plasma produced by 1–20 A of emission from 6–48 small filaments at − 60 V. Densities up to 1012 ions∕cm3 are produced in argon at 2 × 10−3 Torr. At 5 × 10−6 Torr typical parameters are: 8 × 1010 ions∕cm3; ni ∕ n0 ≈ 0.7; Te ≈ 5 eV; Ti ≈ 0.5 eV; noise 〈 δn∕n 〉 ≈ 2 × 10−4; and < 1% nonuniformity over a volume 31 cm diam by 69 cm. Uniform dense plasmas of He, D, and H are also produced. The ion containment appears to be both magnetic and electrostatic. |
|||
|
|
Versatile and Sensitive Vibrating‐Sample Magnetometer Rev. Sci. Instrum. 30, 548 (1959); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716679 (10 pages) | Cited 303 times Online Publication Date: 29 December 2004
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
A vibrating‐sample magnetometer, which measures the magnetic moment of a sample when it is vibrated perpendicularly to a uniform magnetizing field, is described. With this instrument, changes as small as 10−5 to 10−6 emu have been detected, and a stability of one part in 104 has been attained. In addition to permitting convenient measurements in the usual laboratory electromagnet, this instrument eliminates or minimizes many sources of error found in other methods. It is simple, inexpensive, and versatile, yet permits precision magnetic moment measurements to be made in a uniform magnetizing field as a function of temperature, magnetizing field, and crystallographic orientation. The mechanical design and detailed operating characteristics are presented. Applications and limitations of the method are outlined. |
|||
|
|
Miniature diamond anvil pressure cell for single crystal x‐ray diffraction studies Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 290 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686607 (5 pages) | Cited 302 times Online Publication Date: 11 November 2003
Full Text:
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
A new miniature gasketed diamond anvil high pressure cell has been constructed to perform optical and x‐ray diffraction studies on single crystals under hydrostatic pressure. For x‐ray studies the cell is mounted on a standard goniometer head which may be attached to either a standard precession camera or single crystal orienter taking advantage of counting methods. The pressure cell has been used successfully in the study of the two high pressure phases of calcium carbonate, CaCO3(II) and CaCO3(III). |
|||
|
|
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 061101 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1927327 (12 pages) | Cited 291 times Online Publication Date: 26 May 2005
Full Text:
Read Online (HTML)
|
Download PDF
|
||
|
Show Abstract
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are drawing interest from both technical and scientific communities. These are electromechanical systems, much like microelectromechanical systems, mostly operated in their resonant modes with dimensions in the deep submicron. In this size regime, they come with extremely high fundamental resonance frequencies, diminished active masses,and tolerable force constants; the quality (Q) factors of resonance are in the range Q ∼ 103–105—significantly higher than those of electrical resonant circuits. These attributes collectively make NEMS suitable for a multitude of technological applications such as ultrafast sensors, actuators, and signal processing components. Experimentally, NEMS are expected to open up investigations of phonon mediated mechanical processes and of the quantum behavior of mesoscopic mechanical systems. However, there still exist fundamental and technological challenges to NEMS optimization. In this review we shall provide a balanced introduction to NEMS by discussing the prospects and challenges in this rapidly developing field and outline an exciting emerging application, nanoelectromechanical mass detection.
|
|||
|
Show PACS
|
|||
This Publication
Scitation
SPIN
Google Scholar
PubMed